{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:30:55Z","timestamp":1790893855833,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Necrotic enteritis (NE) in poultry is an opportunistic infection caused by <jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>. Well-known as a multifactorial disease, NE development is under the influence of a wide range of environmental risk factors that promote the proliferation of pathogenic <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> at the expense of nonpathogenic strains. Current <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> NE challenge models typically incorporate pre-exposure to disease risk factors, in combination with exogenous <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> inoculation. Our goal was to enhance current models using a natural uptake of <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> from the barn environment to produce a subclinical infection. We incorporated access to litter, coccidial exposure (either 10\u00d7 or 15\u00d7 of the manufacturer-recommended Coccivac B52 <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic> vaccine challenge; provided unspecified doses of <jats:italic>E. acervulina, E. mivati, E. tenella<\/jats:italic>, and two strains of <jats:italic>E. maxima<\/jats:italic>), feed composition, and feed withdrawal stress, and achieved the commonly observed NE infection peak at 3\u00a0weeks post-hatch. NE severity was evaluated based on gut lesion pathology, clinical signs, and mortality rate. Under cage-reared conditions, 15\u00d7 coccidial vaccine-challenged birds showed overall NE lesion prevalence that was 8-fold higher than 10\u00d7 coccidial vaccine-challenged birds. NE-associated mortality was observed only in a floor-reared flock after a 15\u00d7 coccidial vaccine challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.788592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T05:37:13Z","timestamp":1654666633000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Poultry Subclinical Necrotic Enteritis Disease Model Based on Natural Clostridium perfringens Uptake"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wanwei","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele C.","family":"Goes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Wakaruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Barreda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas R.","family":"Korver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2010.03.010","article-title":"The Effect of Feeding a Commercial Essential Oil Product on Clostridium perfringens Numbers in the Intestine of Broiler Chickens Measured by Real-Time PCR Targeting the \u03b1-toxin-encoding Gene (Plc)","volume":"157","author":"Abildgaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Animal Feed Sci. 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