{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:24:44Z","timestamp":1787027084677,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrodiagnosis is routinely integrated into clinical neurophysiology practice for peripheral nerve disease diagnoses, such as neuropathy, demyelinating disorders, nerve entrapment\/impingement, plexopathy, or radiculopathy. Measured with conventional surface electrodes, the propagation of peripheral nerve action potentials along a nerve is the result of ionic current flow which, according to Ampere\u2019s Law, generates a small magnetic field that is also detected as an \u201caction current\u201d by magnetometers, such as superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) Magnetoencephalography (MEG) systems. Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) are an emerging class of quantum magnetic sensors with a demonstrated sensitivity at the 1 fT\/\u221aHz level, capable of cortical action current detection. But OPMs were ostensibly constrained to low bandwidth therefore precluding their use in peripheral nerve electrodiagnosis. With careful OPM bandwidth characterization, we hypothesized OPMs may also detect compound action current signatures consistent with both Sensory Nerve Action Potential (SNAP) and the Hoffmann Reflex (H-Reflex). In as much, our work confirms OPMs enabled with expanded bandwidth can detect the magnetic signature of both the SNAP and H-Reflex. Taken together, OPMs now show potential as an emerging electrodiagnostic tool.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.798376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T07:14:16Z","timestamp":1647760456000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Peripheral Nerve Magnetoneurography With Optically Pumped Magnetometers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yifeng","family":"Bu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Mojtahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Kimball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahasweta","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxiong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Schwindt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Borna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imanuel","family":"Lerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2009.2019199","article-title":"A SQUID system for measurement of spinal cord evoked field of supine subjects","volume":"19","author":"Adachi","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22400-4_11","article-title":"The H-reflex and F-response,","volume-title":"Principles of Neurophysiological Assessment, Mapping, and Monitoring","author":"Bamford","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"The Human Nervous System: An Anatomical Viewpoint.","author":"Barr","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref4","author":"Bronaugh","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2871947","article-title":"Optically pumped magnetometers for magneto-myography to study the innervation of the hand","volume":"26","author":"Broser","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2020.102490","article-title":"Optically pumped magnetometers disclose magnetic field components of the muscular action potential","volume":"56","author":"Broser","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref700","first-page":"259","article-title":"H reflexes from the tibial and median nerves. The International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":"52","author":"Burke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WNP.0000162376.16773.A8","article-title":"Reliability of the FCR H-reflex","volume":"22","author":"Christie","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9609.001.0001","volume-title":"Analyzing Neural Time Series Data: Theory and Practice.","author":"Cohen","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref9","author":"Cvetkovic","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2009.04.003","article-title":"Calibration of low frequency magnetic field meters using a Helmholtz coil","volume":"42","author":"De Melo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.06.012","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic assessment of polyneuropathy","volume":"39","author":"Do Campo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref12","author":"Dumitru","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90253-8","article-title":"Multichannel detection of magnetic compound action fields of median and ulnar nerves","volume":"72","author":"Hari","year":"1989","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(94)90154-6","article-title":"Visualization of a moving quadrupole with magnetic measurements of peripheral nerve action fields","volume":"93","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clinic. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116995","article-title":"Multi-channel whole-head OPM-MEG: helmet design and a comparison with a conventional system","volume":"219","author":"Hill","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.12.048","article-title":"Measuring MEG closer to the brain: performance of on-scalp sensor arrays","volume":"147","author":"Iivanainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880040514","article-title":"Surface recording of the H-reflex of the flexor carpi radialis","volume":"4","author":"Jabre","year":"1981","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve."},{"key":"ref800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880120702","article-title":"Single-fiber EMG study of the flexor carpi radialis H reflex","volume":"12","author":"Jabre","year":"1989","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.03.004","article-title":"H-reflex to S1-root stimulation improves utility for diagnosing S1 radiculopathy","volume":"121","author":"Jin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_106_17","article-title":"Evaluation of Relationship between Extensor Digitorum Communis Hoffmann-reflex Latency and Upper Limb Length and Age","volume":"7","author":"Khosrawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advanced Biomedical Research"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10524","article-title":"Compound sensory action potential in normal and pathological human nerves","volume":"29","author":"Krarup","year":"2004","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001487000205","article-title":"Analysis of sound patterns through wavelet transforms","volume":"1","author":"Kronland-Martinet","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/43\/8\/027","article-title":"Neuromagnetic recordings of the human peripheral nerve with planar SQUID gradiometers","volume":"43","author":"Lang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref23","author":"Loic","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"The Human Nervous System.","author":"Mai","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/1050-6411(94)00004-6","article-title":"Repeatability of electrically-evoked myoelectric signals in the human tibialis anterior muscle","volume":"5","author":"Merletti","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"013416","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.80.013416","article-title":"Spin-exchange relaxation-free magnetometry using elliptically polarized light","volume":"80","author":"Shah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1159\/000026043","article-title":"Normative data of nerve conduction studies in the upper limb in Kuwait: are they different from the western data?","volume":"7","author":"Shehab","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.01.031","article-title":"Between-day reliability of upper extremity H-reflexes","volume":"170","author":"Stowe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200108000-00016","article-title":"Presence and distribution of sensory nerve fibers in human peritoneal adhesions","volume":"234","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2016.02.004","article-title":"Antidromic vs orthodromic sensory median nerve conduction studies","volume":"1","author":"Valls-Sole","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Pract."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1471352","article-title":"An improved Helmholtz coil and analysis of its magnetic field homogeneity","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27190","article-title":"Prolonged median distal sensory nerve action potential duration in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000104","article-title":"Abnormal flexor carpi radialis H-reflex as a specific indicator of C7 as compared with C6 radiculopathy","volume":"31","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.798376\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T07:14:22Z","timestamp":1647760462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.798376\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2022.798376"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.798376","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.05.18.444539","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"article-number":"798376"}}