{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:24:54Z","timestamp":1789471494779,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heat stress, which affects broiler growth performance and immunity, is a major concern in the poultry industry. This meta-analysis aimed to demonstrate the significant effect of heat stress on broiler mass gain and immunoglobulin levels, which regulates the mortality rate of broilers. A total of 2,585 studies were downloaded from PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from January 1, 2015, to September 1, 2021. Eventually, 28 studies were selected based on specific criteria. The results for body mass gain, total mass of immune organs (thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius), immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, and IgM) levels, and mortality rate were analyzed using odds ratio or the random-effects model (REM) at a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Compared to the control, heat stress significantly decreased body mass gain (10 trials: REM = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.50). Compared to that in the control, heat stress significantly increased immunoglobulin levels: IgA (7 trials: REM = 1.69, 95% CI: 0.90, 3.16), IgG (6 trials: REM = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.85, 1.81), IgM (8 trials: REM = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.44, 1.08), and heat stress also increased the broiler mortality rate (6 trials: REM = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.27). However, there were no significant changes in the immune organs between the control and heat-stressed groups. In conclusion, heat stress remarkably alters the mass gain and immunoglobulin levels of broilers, which may be a cause of the high mortality rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.809648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T09:31:06Z","timestamp":1643362266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of the Thermal Stress Response: Gallus gallus domesticus Show Low Immune Responses During Heat Stress"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sharif Hasan","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mousumee","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darae","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Woo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwanseob","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010024","article-title":"Impacts of strain variation on response to heat stress and boldo extract supplementation to broiler chickens","author":"Abo Ghanima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11071911","article-title":"Effects of nano emulsified vegetable oil and betaine on growth traits and meat characteristics of broiler chickens reared under cyclic heat stress","author":"Abudabos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101337","article-title":"Protective influence of betaine on intestinal health by regulating inflammation and improving barrier function in broilers under heat stress","volume":"100","author":"Alhotan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. 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