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Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited hemoglobinopathy with an increased risk of neurological complications. Due to anemia and other factors related to the underlying hemoglobinopathy, cerebral blood flow (CBF) increases as compensation; however, the nature of alterations in oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) in SCD remains controversial, largely attributed to the different calibration models. In addition, limited studies have been done to investigate oxygen metabolism in pediatric patients. Thus, this study used a non-invasive T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-based MR oximetry, T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-Relaxation-Under-Spin-Tagging (TRUST) MRI, to measure oxygen homeostasis in pediatric patients with SCD using four different calibration models and examined its relationship to hematological measures. It was found that, compared with controls, SCD patients showed an increased CBF, unchanged total oxygen delivery and increased venous blood T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. The results of OEF and CMRO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> were dependent on the calibration models used. When using sickle-specific, hemoglobin S (HbS) level-dependent calibration, there was a decreased OEF and CMRO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, while the bovine model showed an opposite result. OEF and CMRO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> were also associated with hemoglobin and HbS level; the direction of the relationship was again dependent on the model. Future studies with <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> calibration are needed to provide more accurate information on the T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-Y<jats:sub><jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> relationship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.814979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T09:31:45Z","timestamp":1644571905000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Brain Oxygen Extraction and Metabolism in Pediatric Patients With Sickle Cell Disease: Comparison of Four Calibration Models"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dengrong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peiying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aylin","family":"Tekes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James F.","family":"Casella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Slifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanzhang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eboni","family":"Lance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040600800956","article-title":"Neurocognitive sequelae of pediatric sickle cell disease: a review of the literature.","volume":"13","author":"Berkelhammer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26311","article-title":"Empirical model of human blood transverse relaxation at 3 T improves MRI T(2) oximetry.","volume":"77","author":"Bush","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn. 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