{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:14:14Z","timestamp":1789542854240,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purposes of this study were to quantify the external load for female and male varsity ice hockey players during regular season games using a local positioning system (LPS), compare LPS-derived external load between sexes and positions, and compare skating distances in absolute and relative speed zones.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected for 21 female (7 defense, 14 forwards; 20.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4\u2009yrs., 69.1\u2009\u00b1\u20096.7\u2009kg, 167.1\u2009\u00b1\u20095.4\u2009cm) and 25 male (8 defense, 17 forwards; 21.9\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1\u2009yrs., 85.9\u2009\u00b1\u20095.4\u2009kg, 181.1\u2009\u00b1\u20095.2\u2009cm) varsity ice hockey players. Measures included skating distance (total, and in absolute and relative speed zones), peak skating speed, peak acceleration and deceleration, accumulative acceleration load, and number of accelerations, decelerations, turns, skating transitions, direction changes, and impacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Female and male players had a high external load during games, with average peak skating speeds &amp;gt;28\u2009km\/h and average skating distances &amp;gt;4.4\u2009km. Most LPS-derived measures showed greater external load in males than females (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Forwards skated further at higher speeds compared to defense in both sexes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Skating distances were significantly different when comparing absolute and relative speed zones (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), with absolute speed zones potentially overestimating skating at very slow, very fast, and sprint speeds and underestimating skating at slow and moderate speeds.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was the first study to measure external load in female ice hockey players with a LPS. Both female and male varsity players had high external loads during games, with forwards having greater external load at higher intensities and defense having greater external load at lower intensities. Sex and positional differences outline the importance of individualized athlete monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.831723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T01:30:37Z","timestamp":1645752637000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Local Positioning System-Derived External Load of Female and Male Varsity Ice Hockey Players During Regular Season Games"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alexander S. D.","family":"Gamble","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Bigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle L. E.","family":"Nyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence L.","family":"Spriet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003490","article-title":"In-season session training load relative to match load in professional ice hockey","volume":"36","author":"Allard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1427796","article-title":"Accuracy, intra- and inter-unit reliability, and comparison between GPS and UWB-based position-tracking systems used for time\u2013motion analyses in soccer","volume":"18","author":"Bastida Castillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1584248","article-title":"Comparing accuracy between global positioning systems and ultra-wideband-based position tracking systems used for tactical analyses in soccer","volume":"19","author":"Bastida Castillo","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3390\/app9050939","article-title":"Accuracy and inter-unit reliability of ultra-wide-band tracking system in indoor exercise","volume":"9","author":"Bastida Castillo","year":"","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004120","article-title":"Internal physiological load measured using training impulse in varsity men's and women's ice hockey players between game periods","volume":"35","author":"Bigg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041465","article-title":"Validation of player and ball tracking with a local positioning system","volume":"21","author":"Blauberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1123\/IJSPP.2017-0208","article-title":"Monitoring athlete training loads: consensus statement","volume":"12","author":"Bourdon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1745504","article-title":"Physical movement demands of elite-level netball match-play as measured by an indoor positioning system","volume":"38","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.988740","article-title":"Physiologically based GPS speed zones for evaluating running demands in women\u2019s rugby sevens","volume":"33","author":"Clarke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182a952fb","article-title":"Use of integrated technology in team sports: a review of opportunities, challenges, and future directions for athletes","volume":"28","author":"Dellaserra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48.","DOI":"10.1519\/1533-4295(2007)29[48:MIFTAO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Methodological issues for the application of time-motion analysis research","volume":"29","author":"Dobson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Strength Cond. J."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3390\/sports7070173","article-title":"On-ice measures of external load in relation to match outcome in elite female ice hockey","volume":"7","author":"Douglas","year":"","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003414","article-title":"Tracking in-match movement demands using local positioning system in world-class men's ice hockey","volume":"34","author":"Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0571","article-title":"On-ice physical demands of world-class women\u2019s ice hockey: from training to competition","volume":"14","author":"Douglas","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003771","article-title":"A comparison of on-ice external load measures between subelite and elite female ice hockey players","author":"Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095788","article-title":"The training injury prevention paradox: should athletes be training smarter and harder?","volume":"50","author":"Gabbett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1182.","article-title":"Maintenance of external and internal loads, and physical performance during an overtime championship game in men\u2019s varsity ice hockey","volume":"8","author":"Gamble","year":"","journal-title":"Ann Sports Med. Res."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2022.2032371","article-title":"Reliability and validity of an indoor local positioning system for measuring external load in ice hockey players","author":"Gamble","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192708","article-title":"Validity and reliability of GPS and LPS for measuring distances covered and sprint mechanical properties in team sports","volume":"13","author":"Hoppe","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12234","article-title":"Sex differences in human fatigability: mechanisms and insight to physiological responses","volume":"210","author":"Hunter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"43","article-title":"Movement characteristics and heart rate profiles displayed by female university ice hockey players","volume":"4","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Kinesiol. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.7575\/aiac.ijkss.v.5n.3p.6","article-title":"Investigation of positional differences in fitness of male university ice hockey players and the frequency, time spent and heart rate of movement patterns during competition","volume":"5","author":"Jackson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Kinesiol. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001999","article-title":"Analysis of high-intensity skating in top-class ice hockey match-play in relation to training status and muscle damage","volume":"32","author":"Lignell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01882","article-title":"Can positioning systems replace timing gates for measuring sprint time in ice hockey?","volume":"9","author":"Link","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00115","article-title":"Validity of the catapult ClearSky T6 local positioning system for team sports specific drills, in indoor conditions","volume":"9","author":"Luteberget","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004084","article-title":"External training demands in women\u2019s varsity rugby union with players quantified by wearable microtechnology with individualized speed thresholds","author":"Nyman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003157007","article-title":"9 kinematical variables,","volume-title":"The Use of Applied Technology in Team Sport","author":"Ortega","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133410","article-title":"Application of individualized speed thresholds to interpret position specific running demands in elite professional rugby union: a GPS study","volume":"10","author":"Reardon","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1563634","article-title":"Towards a wearable monitoring tool for in-field ice hockey skating performance analysis","volume":"19","author":"Stetter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003523","article-title":"Senior club-level rugby union player's positional movement performance using individualized velocity thresholds and accelerometer-derived impacts in matches","author":"Takamori","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001611","article-title":"Reliability of triaxial accelerometry for measuring load in men's collegiate ice hockey","volume":"31","author":"Van Iterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1838618","article-title":"Is it enough to use the traditional approach based on average values for basketball physical performance analysis?","volume":"21","author":"V\u00e1zquez-Guerrero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002370","article-title":"Muscle metabolism and fatigue during simulated ice hockey match-play in elite players","volume":"52","author":"Vigh-Larsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.831723\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T01:30:42Z","timestamp":1645752642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.831723\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2022.831723"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.831723","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"article-number":"831723"}}