{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T20:18:32Z","timestamp":1780085912719,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A special mutual relationship exists between the pine wood nematode (PWN) <jats:italic>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/jats:italic> and its vector beetles of genus <jats:italic>Monochamus<\/jats:italic>, which enables PWN to spread, at the same time provides longhorned beetles with more weak hosts. PWN are attracted to the pupal chambers and then carried inside the trachea of beetle adults, which is a necessary part to complete the <jats:italic>B. xylophilus<\/jats:italic> infection cycle. The growth and immune responses of the vector beetle will affect this carrying process, however, they were rarely studied in <jats:italic>Monochamus saltuarius<\/jats:italic>. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), one of the most common methods for quantitative gene expression analysis, was performed to explore the key genes and pathways involved in the growth, development and immune responses of <jats:italic>M. saltuarius<\/jats:italic> at different developmental stages associated with infection of PWN and PWN treatment conditions. To enhance the accuracy of RT-qPCR data, the expression of target genes needs to be normalized with reference genes, which are stably expressed under varied experimental conditions. In our study, the stability of 14 candidate reference genes in <jats:italic>M. saltuarius<\/jats:italic> samples at different developmental stages associated with infection of PWN or PWN treatment conditions was evaluated using delta Ct, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder algorithms. Moreover, <jats:italic>KLF<\/jats:italic> gene was used to validate the stability of the selected reference genes. Under experimental conditions of this study, <jats:italic>RPL7<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TER<\/jats:italic> were suitable reference genes at different developmental stages associated with infection of PWN. <jats:italic>RPL7<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>RPS5<\/jats:italic> were considered the most stable reference genes in the pupae treated with PWN. <jats:italic>RPS5<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SNX6<\/jats:italic> could be used as reference genes in the adults treated with PWN. <jats:italic>RPL7<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>EF1-\u03b3<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>RPS5<\/jats:italic> could be used as stable reference genes in all the samples. This work is the first to evaluate reference genes in <jats:italic>M. saltuarius<\/jats:italic>, laying a foundation for further gene expression experimental procedures and understanding the phoretic relationship between <jats:italic>M. saltuarius<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. xylophilus<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.882792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T11:14:19Z","timestamp":1650885259000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis in Monochamus saltuarius Under Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jiaxing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningning","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youqing","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-12-10-0902","article-title":"Detection of Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus, Causal Agent of Pine Wilt Disease on Pinus pinaster in Northwestern Spain","volume":"95","author":"Abelleira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0329.2011.00733.x","article-title":"Insect Vectors of the Pinewood Nematode: a Review of the Biology and Ecology of Monochamus Species","volume":"42","author":"Akbulut","year":"2012","journal-title":"For. 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