{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:25:51Z","timestamp":1787027151384,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Running shoes with carbon plates have been identified to have positive effects on improving running performance from a biomechanical perspective. However, the specific difference between the effects of carbon plates with different longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS)on biomechanical characteristics and muscular mechanics of lower limbs in adolescent runners remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the difference in biomechanical characteristics and muscular mechanics in lower limbs during running stance phases between wearing shoes with low longitudinal bending stiffness (Llbs) and high longitudinal bending stiffness (Hlbs) carbon plates in adolescent runners.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    10 male adolescent runners with a habit of daily running exercise (age: 13.5 \u00b1 0.6\u00a0years; height: 166.3 \u00b1 1.9\u00a0cm; bodyweight: 50.8 \u00b1 3.1\u00a0kg; foot length: 25.4 \u00b1 0.2\u00a0cm) were recruited and asked to conduct two times of tests by wearing shoes with Llbs and Hlbs carbon plates in a randomized order. Paired\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    -test and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis were used to identify the difference in biomechanical characteristics and muscular mechanics in lower limbs during running stance phases.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Result:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Under the condition of wearing shoes with Hlbs, the time of foot contact significantly increased, whereas the range of motion (ROM) of hip and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) in the sagittal plane significantly reduced as well as the peak moment of ankle joint in the sagittal plane. The activations of vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, flexor digitorum brevis (flex dig brevis), and flexor hallucis longus (flex hall long) significantly increased under the condition of wearing shoes with Hlbs. According to the results of the SPM analysis, the joint angles (hip, ankle, and MTP), the net joint moments (knee, ankle, and MTP), and the muscle forces (gluteus maximus and tibialis anterior) were significant difference during the running stance phase between conditions of wearing shoes with Hlbs and Llbs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Running shoes with Llb carbon plates are appropriate for adolescent runners due to the advantages of biomechanical characteristics and muscular mechanics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.907016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T05:46:23Z","timestamp":1660887983000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effects of footwear with different longitudinal bending stiffness on biomechanical characteristics and muscular mechanics of lower limbs in adolescent runners"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hairong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enze","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongrong","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien S.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaodong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for school and community programs to promote lifelong physical activity among young people","volume":"50","author":"Baranowski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74097-7","article-title":"Adding carbon fiber to shoe soles may not improve running economy: A muscle-level explanation","volume":"10","author":"Beck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"The influence of footwear longitudinal bending stiffness on running economy and biomechanics in older runners","author":"Beltran","year":"2021"},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"A biomechanical study of skeletal muscle strain injuries","author":"Best","year":"1993"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-020-0241-9","article-title":"The effects of increased midsole bending stiffness of sport shoes on muscle-tendon unit shortening and shortening velocity: A randomised crossover trial in recreational male runners","volume":"6","author":"Cigoja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.06.015","article-title":"Does increased midsole bending stiffness of sport shoes redistribute lower limb joint work during running?","volume":"22","author":"Cigoja","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2019.1696897","article-title":"Optimal footwear longitudinal bending stiffness to improve running economy is speed dependent","volume":"12","author":"Day","year":"2020","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.901024","article-title":"OpenSim: Open-source software to create and analyze dynamic simulations of movement","volume":"54","author":"Delp","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1109\/10.102791","article-title":"An interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgical procedures","volume":"37","author":"Delp","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2017.1313894","article-title":"Effects of shoe energy return and bending stiffness on running economy and kinetics","volume":"9","author":"Flores","year":"2017","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2019.1607541","article-title":"The stiff plate location into the shoe influences the running biomechanics","volume":"20","author":"Flores","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0811-2","article-title":"A comparison of the energetic cost of running in marathon racing shoes","volume":"48","author":"Hoogkamer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-1024-z","article-title":"The biomechanics of competitive male runners in three marathon racing shoes: A randomized crossover study","volume":"49","author":"Hoogkamer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2020.1853827","article-title":"Running biomechanics and running shoe perception of Chinese men and women","volume":"13","author":"Isherwood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5334\/paah.48","article-title":"The effect of basketball shoe collar on ankle stability: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Activity Health"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9020236","article-title":"Prolonged running using bionic footwear influences lower limb biomechanics","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6037","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-018-1154-0","article-title":"Similarities and differences between musculoskeletal simulations of OpenSim and AnyBody modeling system","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"499","article-title":"Anthropometric, gait and strength characteristics of Kenyan distance runners","volume":"7","author":"Kong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2015.1130754","article-title":"Forefoot bending stiffness, running economy and kinematics during overground running","volume":"8","author":"Madden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Team physician manual: International federation of sports medicine (FIMS)","author":"Micheli","year":"2013"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12514","article-title":"Reduced oxygen cost of running is related to alignment of the resultant grf and leg axis vector: A pilot study","volume":"26","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288902801103","article-title":"Young long distance runners: Physiological and psychological characteristics","volume":"28","author":"Nudel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.01.014","article-title":"The bending stiffness of shoes is beneficial to running energetics if it does not disturb the natural MTP joint flexion","volume":"53","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01406-5","article-title":"Energetics and biomechanics of running footwear with increased longitudinal bending stiffness: A narrative review","volume":"51","author":"Ortega","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Statistical parametric mapping (spm): Theory, software and future directions","author":"Pataky","year":"2017"},{"key":"B26","article-title":"A large, randomized, prospective study of the impact of a pre-run stretch on the risk of injury in teenage and older runners","volume":"15","author":"Pereles","year":"20122011","journal-title":"USATF. Org."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2021.1955014","article-title":"The effects of footwear midsole longitudinal bending stiffness on running economy and ground contact biomechanics: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Rodrigo-Carranza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000193562.22001.e8","article-title":"Shoe midsole longitudinal bending stiffness and running economy, joint energy, and EMG","volume":"38","author":"Roy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.07.121","article-title":"Biomechanical alterations in individuals with achilles tendinopathy during running and hopping: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Sancho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140408522830","article-title":"Athletics: Increased shoe bending stiffness increases sprint performance","volume":"3","author":"Stefanyshyn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200002000-00032","article-title":"Influence of midsole bending stiffness on joint energy and jump height performance","volume":"32","author":"Stefanyshyn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2017.1342705","article-title":"The influence of gearing footwear on running biomechanics","volume":"9","author":"Wannop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.05.005","article-title":"The gearing function of running shoe longitudinal bending stiffness","volume":"40","author":"Willwacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.29.5.583","article-title":"Does specific footwear facilitate energy storage and return at the metatarsophalangeal joint in running?","volume":"29","author":"Willwacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.110941","article-title":"Evaluating function in the hallux valgus foot following a 12-week minimalist footwear intervention: A pilot computational analysis","volume":"132","author":"Xiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07054-1","article-title":"Explaining the differences of gait patterns between high and low-mileage runners with machine learning","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"5582","article-title":"Influence of taekwondo competition on cortical thickness in the calcaneus and stress distribution in the trabecular bone","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Tissue Eng. Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3390\/act10100274","article-title":"A pilot study of muscle force between normal shoes and bionic shoes during men walking and running stance phase using opensim","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Actuators"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.907016\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T05:46:32Z","timestamp":1660887992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.907016\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2022.907016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.907016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"article-number":"907016"}}