{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:58:53Z","timestamp":1785538733842,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the perspective of the global climate change leading to increasing temperature, heat stress (HS) has become a severe issue in broiler production, including the indigenous yellow-feathered broilers. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of HS on jejunal immune response, microbiota structure and their correlation in yellow-feathered broilers. A total of forty female broilers (56-days-old) were randomly and equally divided into normal treatment group (NT group, 21.3 \u00b1 1.2\u00b0C, 24\u00a0h\/day) and HS group (32.5 \u00b1 1.4\u00b0C, 8\u00a0h\/day) with five replicates of each for 4\u00a0weeks feeding trial. The results showed that HS exposure increased the contents of TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6 in jejunal mucosa (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). The HS exposure up-regulated the relative fold changes of <jats:italic>NF-\u03baB, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>IL-6<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01) while down-regulated the relative fold change of <jats:italic>IFN-\u03b3<\/jats:italic> in jejunal mucosa (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05)<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> Meanwhile, HS had no significant impacts on alpha diversity of jejunal microbiota such as Simpson, Chao1 richness estimator (Chao 1), abundance-based coverage estimators (ACE), and Shannon index (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.10). Broilers exposed to HS reduced the jejunal microbial species number at the class and order level (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Moreover, HS decreased the relative abundance of <jats:italic>Ruminococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bdellovibrio,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Serratia<\/jats:italic> at the genus level in jejunum (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). At the phylum level, four species of bacteria (<jats:italic>Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Thermi,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TM7<\/jats:italic>) were significantly associated with immune-related genes expression (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). At the genus level, ten species of bacteria were significantly correlated with the expression of immune-related genes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), including <jats:italic>Caulobacteraceae, Actinomyces, Ruminococcaceae, Thermus, Bdellovibrio, Clostridiales, Sediminibacterium, Bacteroides, Sphingomonadales<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ruminococcus<\/jats:italic>. In particular, the microbial with significantly different abundances, <jats:italic>Ruminococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bdellovibrio<\/jats:italic>, were negatively associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines expression (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). These findings demonstrated that HS exposure promoted the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in yellow-feathered broilers\u2019 jejunum. The detrimental effects of HS on jejunal immune response might be related to dysbiosis, especially the reduced levels of <jats:italic>Ruminococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bdellovibrio<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.913696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T06:21:04Z","timestamp":1653286864000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Heat Stress Affects Jejunal Immunity of Yellow-Feathered Broilers and Is Potentially Mediated by the Microbiome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wen-Chao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Yi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balamuralikrishnan","family":"Balasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733134","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.733134","article-title":"Effects of Cyclic Chronic Heat Stress on the Expression of Nutrient Transporters in the Jejunum of Modern Broilers and Their Ancestor Wild Jungle Fowl","volume":"12","author":"Abdelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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