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Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a critical need for an oral-killed <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> vaccine for broilers. Chitosan nanoparticle (CNP) vaccines can be used to deliver <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> antigens orally. We investigated the efficacy of a killed <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> CNP vaccine on broilers. CNP vaccine was synthesized using <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> enterica serovar Enteritidis (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis) outer membrane and flagella proteins. CNP was stable at acidic conditions by releasing 14% of proteins at pH 5.5. At 17\u00a0h post-incubation, the cumulative protein release for CNP was 75% at pH 7.4. Two hundred microliters of PBS with chicken red blood cells incubated with 20\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml CNP released 0% hemoglobin. Three hundred chicks were allocated into 1) Control, 2) Challenge, 3) Vaccine + Challenge. At d1 of age, chicks were spray-vaccinated with PBS or 40\u00a0mg CNP. At d7 of age, chicks were orally-vaccinated with PBS or 20\u00a0\u03bcg CNP\/bird. At d14 of age, birds were orally-challenged with PBS or 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\u00a0CFU\/bird of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis. The CNP-vaccinated birds had higher antigen-specific IgY\/IgA and lymphocyte-proliferation against flagellin (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). At 14\u00a0days post-infection, CNP-vaccinated birds reversed the loss in gut permeability by 13% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). At 21\u00a0days post-infection, the CNP-vaccinated birds decreased <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis in the ceca and spleen by 2 Log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> CFU\/g, and in the small intestine by 0.6 Log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> CFU\/g (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). We conclude that the CNP vaccine is a viable alternative to conventional <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> poultry vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.920777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T06:43:34Z","timestamp":1658126614000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Immunization of Broiler Chickens With a Killed Chitosan Nanoparticle Salmonella Vaccine Decreases Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis Load"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Keila","family":"Acevedo-Villanueva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Akerele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walid","family":"Al-Hakeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renukaradhy","family":"Gourapura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh","family":"Selvaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Cellular and Molecular Immunology","author":"Abbas Abul","year":"2014"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0247938","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247938","article-title":"Efficacy of a Nanoparticle Vaccine Administered In-Ovo against Salmonella in Broilers","volume":"16","author":"Acevedo-Villanueva","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9091041","article-title":"A Novel Approach against Salmonella: A Review of Polymeric Nanoparticle Vaccines for Broilers and Layers","volume":"9","author":"Acevedo-villanueva","year":"","journal-title":"Vaccines(Basel)."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0231998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231998","article-title":"Efficacy of Chitosan-Based Nanoparticle Vaccine Administered to Broiler Birds Challenged with Salmonella","volume":"15","author":"Acevedo-Villanueva","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0259334","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259334","article-title":"Salmonella Chitosan Nanoparticle Vaccine Administration Is Protective against Salmonella Enteritidis in Broiler Birds","volume":"16","author":"Acevedo-Villanueva","year":"","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"110059","article-title":"In Vitro characterization and Immunogenicity of Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Native and Inactivated Extracellular Proteins from a Field Strain of Clostridium perfringens Associated with Necrotic Enteritis","volume-title":"Veterinary Immunol. 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