{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:25:55Z","timestamp":1787027155956,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Electrocardiograms (ECG) are universally used to measure the electrical activity of the heart; however, variations in recording techniques and\/or subject demographics can affect ECG interpretation. In this study, we investigated variables that are likely to influence ECG metric measurements in cardiovascular research, including recording technique, use of anesthesia, and animal model characteristics. Awake limb lead ECG recordings were collected\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    from adult guinea pigs using a platform ECG system, while recordings in anesthetized animals were performed using both a platform and needle ECG system. We report significant heterogeneities in ECG metric values that are attributed to methodological differences (e.g., ECG lead configuration, ECG recording platform, presence or absence of anesthesia) that persist even within the same cohort of animals. Further, we report that variability in animal demographics is preserved in\n                    <jats:italic>vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    ECG recordings\u2014with animal age serving as a significant contributor, while sex-specific influences were less pronounced. Methodological approaches and subject demographics should be fully considered when interpreting ECG values in animal models, comparing datasets between studies, or developing artificial intelligence algorithms that utilize an ECG database.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.925042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T08:11:56Z","timestamp":1654157516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Demographic and Methodological Heterogeneity in Electrocardiogram Signals From Guinea Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kazi T.","family":"Haq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blake L.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Berk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anysja","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luther M.","family":"Swift","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikki Gillum","family":"Posnack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595815","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.595815","article-title":"Heart Rate Dependency and Inter-lead Variability of the T Peak \u2013 T End Intervals","volume":"11","author":"Andr\u0161ov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(81)90081-3","article-title":"Effect of Aging on the Electrocardiogram","volume":"48","author":"Bachman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. 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