{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T02:51:12Z","timestamp":1790563872050,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A total of 2,880 one-day-old male and female broiler chicks from two breeds, Ross308 and Cobb500 were randomly assigned to 72 pens. Broilers were offered three diets: a wheat-soybean diet without (CO), or with either a probiotic (probiotic; 2.4 x 10\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0CFU\/kg diet of\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DSM32324 and DSM32325 and\n                    <jats:italic>B. amyloliquefaciens<\/jats:italic>\n                    DSM25840) or a phytobiotic (phytobiotic; grape extract with 165\u00a0ppm procyanidin and 585\u00a0ppm polyphenol) product. The trial was conducted with a 3 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 2 factorial arrangement of diet, breed and sex in a completely randomized design and consisted of 6 replicate-pens per treatment (40 birds per pen). At day 7, 21, and 35, one chicken per pen was slaughtered for caecal sampling to quantify bacterial metabolites (digesta) as well as evaluate mRNA abundance and histomorphology (tissue). Data were subjected to ANOVA using GLM procedure to evaluate age, diet, breed and sex and their interactions. Spearman\u2019s correlation (r) was analyzed between metabolite concentration and mRNA abundance. Overall, the concentration of short chain fatty acids increased with age, while lactate decreased from day 7 to 21 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). The mRNA abundance of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17\u03b1, IL-18, IFN-\u03b3 and TGF-\u03b22 increased with age but IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 increased in abundance from day 7 to 21 and then decreased (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). Abundance of MUC2 and CLDN5 increased after day 21 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). Caecal crypt depth increased with age (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). Acidic goblet cell (GC) number peaked at day 21 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05), while mixed GC number was not affected by age. A few impacts of breed, diet and interactions on the investigated variables showed no meaningful biological pattern. Propionate positively correlated with all cytokines investigated (r = 0.150\u20130.548), except TNF-\u03b1. Lactate negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1\u03b2 (r = \u22120.324). Aging affected caecal histomorphology, bacterial activity and genes responsible for barrier integrity and inflammatory response. This effect could be attributed to the interaction between gut microbiota and immune system as well as the direct effect of metabolites on gut histomorphology and cytokine mRNA abundance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.935870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T12:09:50Z","timestamp":1662984590000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Alterations in bacterial metabolites, cytokines, and mucosal integrity in the caecum of broilers caused by feed additives and host-related factors"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yada","family":"Duangnumsawang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Zentek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilfried","family":"Vahjen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Tarradas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farshad","family":"Goodarzi Boroojeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0232781","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232781","article-title":"Bacillus subtilis PB6 based probiotic supplementation plays a role in the recovery after the necrotic enteritis challenge","volume":"15","author":"Aljumaah","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ANIFEEDSCI.2016.05.004","article-title":"Interaction between chicken intestinal microbiota and protein digestion","volume":"221","author":"Apajalahti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. 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