{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:51:33Z","timestamp":1791312693816,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":345,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Estradiol-17\u03b2 (E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) has long been studied as the primary estrogen involved in sexual maturation of hens. Due to the oviparous nature of avian species, ovarian production of E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> has been indicated as the key steroid responsible for activating the formation of the eggshell and internal egg components in hens. This involves the integration and coordination between ovarian follicular development, liver metabolism and bone physiology to produce the follicle, yolk and albumen, and shell, respectively. However, the ability of E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> to be synthesized by non-gonadal tissues such as the skin, heart, muscle, liver, brain, adipose tissue, pancreas, and adrenal glands demonstrates the capability of this hormone to influence a variety of physiological processes. Thus, in this review, we intend to re-establish the role of E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> within these tissues and identify direct and indirect integration between the control of reproduction, metabolism, and bone physiology. Specifically, the sources of E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and its activity in these tissues via the estrogen receptors (ER\u03b1, ER\u03b2, GPR30) is described. This is followed by an update on the role of E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> during sexual differentiation of the embryo and maturation of the hen. We then also consider the implications of the recent discovery of additional E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> elevations during an extended laying cycle. Next, the specific roles of E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in yolk formation and skeletal development are outlined. Finally, the consequences of altered E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> production in mature hens and the associated disorders are discussed. While these areas of study have been previously independently considered, this comprehensive review intends to highlight the critical roles played by E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> to alter and coordinate physiological processes in preparation for the laying cycle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.942790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T05:11:16Z","timestamp":1656652276000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["The Diverse Roles of 17\u03b2-Estradiol in Non-Gonadal Tissues and Its Consequential Impact on Reproduction in Laying and Broiler Breeder Hens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Charlene","family":"Hanlon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara J.","family":"Ziezold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gr\u00e9goy Y.","family":"B\u00e9d\u00e9carrats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/80.5.666","article-title":"Comparison of Gonadal Hormone Levels in Turkey Embryos Incubated in Long-Term Shell-Less Culture and in Ovo","volume":"80","author":"Abdelnabi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/112.3.436","article-title":"Disorders of Cholecaiciferol Metabolism in Old Egg-Laying Hens","volume":"112","author":"Abe","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22004","article-title":"Characterization of the G-Protein-Coupled Membrane-Bound Estrogen Receptor GPR30 in the Zebra Finch Brain Reveals a Sex Difference in Gene and Protein Expression","volume":"72","author":"Acharya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Devel Neurobio"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402710608","article-title":"Maternal Transfer of Estradiol to Egg Yolks Alters Sexual Differentiation of Avian Offspring","volume":"271","author":"Adkins-Regan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0460129","article-title":"Oestrogen Metabolism in Liver Disease","volume":"46","author":"Adlercreutz","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Endorcr."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"19","article-title":"Matrix Formation and Mineralisation in Bone","volume-title":"Bone Biology and Skeletal Disorders in Poultry","author":"Ali","year":"1992"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1997.6978","article-title":"Sites ofEstrogen ReceptorandAromataseExpression in the Chicken Embryo","volume":"108","author":"Andrews","year":"1997","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2016.1161727","article-title":"Increasing Persistency in Lay and Stabilising Egg Quality in Longer Laying Cycles. What Are the Challenges?","volume":"57","author":"Bain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740190507","article-title":"Influence of Dietary Linoleic Acid on Egg Fatty Acid Composition in Hens Deficient in Essential Fatty Acids","volume":"19","author":"Balnave","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0610029","article-title":"Induction by Gonadal Hormones of Hepatic Lipogenic Enzyme Activity in Immature Pullets","volume":"61","author":"Balnave","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(71)90075-7","article-title":"The Influence of Exogenous Oestrogens and the Attainment of Sexual Maturity on Fatty Acid Metabolism in the Immature Pullet","volume":"40","author":"Balnave","year":"1971","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiology Part B Comp. Biochem."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2008.07.006","article-title":"Calcium Homeostasis and Vitamin D Metabolism and Expression in Strongly Calcifying Laying Birds","volume":"151","author":"Bar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiology Part A Mol. Integr. Physiology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.46.267","article-title":"Differential Regulation of Calbindin in the Calcium-Transporting Organs of Birds with High Calcium Requirements","volume":"46","author":"Bar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2016.49.9.141","article-title":"Extra-gonadal Sites of Estrogen Biosynthesis and Function","volume":"49","author":"Barakat","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2013.10.016","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: Comparative Pathogenesis, Lipoprotein Metabolism, and Avian and Exotic Companion Mammal Models","volume":"22","author":"Beaufr\u00e8re","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/83.2.200","article-title":"Role of Estrogen in Avian Osteoporosis","volume":"83","author":"Beck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2015.09.023","article-title":"An Updated Model to Describe the Neuroendocrine Control of Reproduction in Chickens","volume":"227","author":"B\u00e9d\u00e9carrats","year":"2016","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/peu042","article-title":"Control of the Reproductive axis: Balancing Act between Stimulatory and Inhibitory Inputs","volume":"94","author":"B\u00e9d\u00e9carrats","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"743","article-title":"Role indispensable des parathyroids dans la calcification de l\u2019osfolliculinque chez le canard domestique","volume":"139","author":"Benoit","year":"1945","journal-title":"Cr. Seanc. Soc. Biol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-141-36878","article-title":"The Form of Absorption of Lipids in the Chicken, Gallus domesticus","volume":"141","author":"Bensadoun","year":"1972","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2003.01062.x","article-title":"Gonadotropin-inhibitory Peptide in Song Sparrows (Melospiza Melodia) in Different Reproductive Conditions, and in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) Relative to Chicken-Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone","volume":"15","author":"Bentley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2007.10.003","article-title":"Gonadotropin-inhibitory Hormone and its Receptor in the Avian Reproductive System","volume":"156","author":"Bentley","year":"2008","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(19)42715-4","article-title":"Precursor-Product Relationship between Amphibian Vitellogenin and the Yolk Proteins, Lipovitellin and Phosvitin","volume":"249","author":"Bergink","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001020304","article-title":"Medullary Bone of Laying Chickens","volume":"102","author":"Bloom","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090810404","article-title":"Calcification and Ossification. Medullary Bone Changes in the Reproductive Cycle of Female Pigeons","volume":"81","author":"Bloom","year":"1941","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857093912.3.261","article-title":"Hen Nutrition for Sustained Egg Quality","volume-title":"Improving the Safety and Quality of Eggs and Egg Products, Vol 1: Egg Chemistry, Production and Consumption","author":"Bouvarel","year":"2011"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.28.2.125","article-title":"Radiographic Studies on the Formation of the Hen'S Egg Shell","volume":"28","author":"Bradfield","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(76)90265-0","article-title":"In Vivo Estimation of Fatty Acid Synthesis in the Chicken (Gallus Domesticus) Utilizing 3H2O","volume":"54","author":"Brady","year":"1976","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiology Part B Comp. Biochem."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-5926-1-1","article-title":"Structural and Functional Aspects of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cell Fenestrae: A Review","volume":"1","author":"Braet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comp. Hepatol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0520736","article-title":"Influence of Dietary Energy Source on Performance and Fatty Liver Syndrome in White Leghorn Laying Hens","volume":"52","author":"Bragg","year":"1973","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1991.71.2.371","article-title":"Extracellular Ca2+ Sensing, Regulation of Parathyroid Cell Function, and Role of Ca2+ and Other Ions as Extracellular (First) Messengers","volume":"71","author":"Brown","year":"1991","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2009.01.006","article-title":"Effects of Estrogens on Sex Differentiation in Japanese Quail and Chicken","volume":"163","author":"Brunstr\u00f6m","year":"2009","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"348","article-title":"Correlation of Egg Shell Weight with Egg Weight, Body Weight, and Percent Shell","volume-title":"Proceedings of the XVIII World\u2019s Poultry Congress","author":"Buss","year":"1988"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457608418164","article-title":"Fatty Liver Diseases in the Domestic Fowl - A Review","volume":"5","author":"Butler","year":"1976","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod29.3.542","article-title":"Adenylyl Cyclase System of the Small Preovulatory Follicles of the Domestic Hen: Responsiveness to Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone 1","volume":"29","author":"Calvo","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biol. Reproduction"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod25.4.805","article-title":"LH-stimulable Adenylyl Cyclase Activity during the Ovulatory Cycle in Granulosa Cells of the Three Largest Follicles and the Postovulatory Follicle of the Domestic Hen (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"25","author":"Calvo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biol. Reproduction"},{"key":"B37","first-page":"447","article-title":"Changes in the Content of Progesterone Receptor Isoforms and Estrogen Receptor Alpha in the Chick Brain during Embryonic Development","volume-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyComp. Biochem. Physiology Part A Mol. Integr. Physiology","author":"Camacho-Arroyo","year":"2003"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01539838","article-title":"Three-dimensional Electron Microscopy of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and T-System in Embryonic Chick Skeletal Muscle Cells In Vitro","volume":"154","author":"Chan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00632a031","article-title":"Characterization and Comparative Aspects of the Serum Very Low and Low Density Lipoproteins and Their Apoproteins in the Chicken (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"16","author":"Chapman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.09.020","article-title":"Prostaglandin-D Synthetase Induces Transcription of the LH Beta Subunit in the Primary Culture of Chicken Anterior Pituitary Cells via the PPAR Signaling Pathway","volume":"73","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/s0009-9120(97)00113-6","article-title":"Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism: An Overview","volume":"30","author":"Christenson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2005.01260.x","article-title":"Gonadotrophin Inhibitory Hormone Depresses Gonadotrophin Alpha and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Beta Subunit Expression in the Pituitary of the Domestic Chicken","volume":"16","author":"Ciccone","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-122-4-1224","article-title":"Immunocytochemical Localization of the 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3Receptor in Target Cells*","volume":"122","author":"Clemens","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas95-064","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Calcium Level on Plasma Proteins and Calcium Flux Occurring during a 24 H Ovulatory Cycle","volume":"75","author":"Clunies","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(88)90192-1","article-title":"Estrogen-dependent Activation of the Avian Very Low Density Apolipoprotein II and Vitellogenin Genes","volume":"203","author":"Cochrane","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-113-3-1158","article-title":"Kinetics of Primary and Secondary Stimulation of the mRNA for Apovldl-II, a Major Yolk Protein, in the Cockerel Liver by Estrogen","volume":"113","author":"Codina-Salada","year":"1983","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1017\/s0021859600005153","article-title":"Observations on the Mineral Metabolism of Pullets: VIII. The Influence of Gonadal Hormones on Retention of Calcium and Phosphorus","volume":"38","author":"Common","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(68)90674-7","article-title":"Vitamin D3 Induction of a Calcium-Binding Protein in the Uterus of the Laying Hen","volume":"125","author":"Corradino","year":"1968","journal-title":"Archives Biochem. Biophysics"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-291x(80)80278-6","article-title":"A Specific, High Affinity Binding Protein for 1\u03b1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D in the Chick Oviduct Shell Gland","volume":"93","author":"Coty","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophysical Res. Commun."},{"key":"B50","first-page":"46","article-title":"Fatty Livers in Laying Hens - a Condition Which May Occur as a Result of Increased Strain","volume":"28","author":"Couch","year":"1956","journal-title":"Feedstuffs"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M025403","article-title":"FSH Stimulates Lipid Biosynthesis in Chicken Adipose Tissue by Upregulating the Expression of its Receptor FSHR","volume":"53","author":"Cui","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2012.12.007","article-title":"Estrogen Synthesis and Signaling Pathways during Aging: From Periphery to Brain","volume":"19","author":"Cui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122348","article-title":"Sexual Maturity Promotes Yolk Precursor Synthesis and Follicle Development in Hens via Liver-Blood-Ovary Signal axis","volume":"10","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.116491","article-title":"Identification, Expression, and Regulation of Anti-m\u00fcllerian Hormone Type-II Receptor in the Embryonic Chicken Gonad","volume":"90","author":"Cutting","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.184.1.63","article-title":"Medullary Bone and Avian Calcium Regulation","volume":"184","author":"Dacke","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"B56","volume-title":"Calcium Regulation in Sub-mammalian Vertebrates","author":"Dacke","year":"1979"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407160-5.00025-7","article-title":"The Role of Hormones in the Regulation of Bone Turnover and Eggshell Calcification","volume-title":"Sturkie\u2019s Avian Physiology","author":"Dacke","year":"2015"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-2275(20)37977-3","article-title":"Concurrent Inductions of Avian Hepatic Lipogenesis, Plasma Lipids, and Plasma Apolipoprotein B by Estrogen","volume":"24","author":"Dashti","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8310","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(17)40972-0","article-title":"Primary Activation of the Vitellogenin Gene in the Rooster","volume":"252","author":"Deeley","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9060","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(19)40693-5","article-title":"Vitellogenin Synthesis in the Avian Liver. Vitellogenin Is the Precursor of the Egg Yolk Phosphoproteins","volume":"250","author":"Deeley","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1689S","article-title":"Overview of General Physiologic Features and Functions of Vitamin D","volume":"80","author":"Deluca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1980.tb05887.x","article-title":"William C. Rose Lectureship in Biochemistry and Nutrition. Some New Concepts Emanating from a Study of the Metabolism and Function of Vitamin D","volume":"38","author":"Deluca","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/29.11.1258","article-title":"Metabolism of Vitamin D: Current Status","volume":"29","author":"DeLuca","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B64","first-page":"2211","article-title":"Vitamin D: The Vitamin and the Hormone","volume":"33","author":"DeLuca","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ref. Proc."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-09-0379","article-title":"The Importance of ER\u03b2 Signalling in the Ovary","volume":"205","author":"Drummond","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12711-021-00603-8","article-title":"No Evidence that Selection for Egg Production Persistency Causes Loss of Bone Quality in Laying Hens","volume":"53","author":"Dunn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genet. Sel. Evol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1260217","article-title":"Acceleration of Maturation of FSH and LH Responses to Photostimulation in Prepubertal Domestic Hens by Oestrogen","volume":"126","author":"Dunn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1734525","article-title":"Aromatase Enzyme Activity and Sex Determination in Chickens","volume":"255","author":"Elbrecht","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.10169","article-title":"Changes in Sex Steroid Levels in Yolks of the Leghorn chicken,Gallus domesticus, during Embryonic Development","volume":"293","author":"Elf","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2009.634.641","article-title":"Exogenous Estradiol: Productive and Reproductive Performance and Physiological Profile of Japanese Quail Hens","volume":"8","author":"Elnager","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1108","article-title":"In Vitro Growth and Ovulation of Follicles from Ovaries of Estrogen Receptor (ER)\u03b1 and ER\u03b2 Null Mice Indicate a Role for ER\u03b2 in Follicular Maturation","volume":"146","author":"Emmen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/117.3.619","article-title":"Calcium Logistics in the Laying Hen","volume":"117","author":"Etches","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B73","first-page":"57","article-title":"Genotypic and Phenotypic Sex Reversal","volume-title":"Perspectives in Avian Endocrinology","author":"Etches","year":"1997"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194974","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194974","article-title":"Radiographic Examination of Keel Bone Damage in Living Laying Hens of Different Strains Kept in Two Housing Systems","volume":"13","author":"Eusemann","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01846","article-title":"Influence of a Sustained Release Deslorelin Acetate Implant on Reproductive Physiology and Associated Traits in Laying Hens","volume":"9","author":"Eusemann","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8493","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.23.8493","article-title":"Developmental Regulation of the Estrogen Receptor and the Estrogen Responsiveness of Five Yolk Protein Genes in the Avian Liver","volume":"84","author":"Evans","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.2.1.116","article-title":"Isolation of Chicken Vitellogenin I and III cDNAs and the Developmental Regulation of Five Estrogen-Responsive Genes in the Embryonic Liver","volume":"2","author":"Evans","year":"1988","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.14.10.0532","article-title":"Estrogen-Induced Activation of Erk-1 and Erk-2 Requires the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Homolog, GPR30, and Occurs via Trans-activation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor through Release of HB-EGF","volume":"14","author":"Filardo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/s0034-5288(98)90117-5","article-title":"Medullary Bone and Humeral Breaking Strength in Laying Hens","volume":"64","author":"Fleming","year":"1998","journal-title":"Res. Veterinary Sci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/s0303-7207(96)03960-3","article-title":"Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Regulation of Rainbow Trout Estrogen Receptor and Vitellogenin Gene Expression","volume":"124","author":"Flouriot","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3109\/00313028609090821","article-title":"Review: the Liver Sinusoidal Cells. Their Role in Disorders of the Liver, Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Fraser","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0570159","article-title":"Luteinizing Hormone and Progesterone in Peripheral Blood during the Ovulatory Cycle of the Hen Gallus Domesticus","volume":"57","author":"Furr","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-122-4-1357","article-title":"Regulation by Estradiol of the Progesterone Receptor in the Hypothalamus and Pituitary: An Immunohistochemical Study in the Chicken","volume":"122","author":"Gasc","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1200","article-title":"G Protein-Coupled Receptor 30 Mediates Estrogen-Induced Proliferation of Primordial Germ Cells via EGFR\/Akt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling Pathway","volume":"153","author":"Ge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2422","article-title":"Reciprocal Relations of Subcutaneous and Visceral Fat to Bone Structure and Strength","volume":"94","author":"Gilsanz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabolism"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7528","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(19)44557-2","article-title":"25-Hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase","volume":"247","author":"Gray","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668908417179","article-title":"Broken Bones in Domestic Fowl: Handling and Processing Damage in End\u2010of\u2010lay Battery Hens","volume":"30","author":"Gregory","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.13.9.0336","article-title":"Two Functionally Different Protein Isoforms Are Produced from the Chicken Estrogen Receptor-\u03b1 Gene","volume":"13","author":"Griffin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(85)90248-2","article-title":"Exclusion of Plasma Lipoproteins of Intestinal Origin from Avian Egg Yolk Because of Their Size","volume":"82","author":"Griffin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiology Part B Comp. Biochem."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2060647","article-title":"Hydrolysis of Plasma Triacylglycerol-Rich Lipoproteins from Immature and Laying Hens (Gallus domesticus) by Lipoprotein Lipase In Vitro","volume":"206","author":"Griffin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bst009155p","article-title":"Plasma Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) in Immature and Laying Hens (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"155","author":"Griffin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(76)90069-1","article-title":"Hormonal Control of Vitellogenin Synthesis in Avian Liver","volume":"5","author":"Gruber","year":"1976","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.2307\/1587714","article-title":"Cage Layer Fatigue (Cage Paralysis)","volume":"3","author":"Grumbles","year":"1959","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.678054","article-title":"Influence of Age and Phylogenetic Background on Blood Parameters Associated with Bone Metabolism in Laying Hens","volume":"12","author":"Habig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2019.11.065","article-title":"Post-photostimulation Energy Intake Accelerated Pubertal Development in Broiler Breeder Pullets","volume":"99","author":"Hadinia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0612465","article-title":"Lipid Alleviates Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Haghighi-Rad","year":"1982","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0602278","article-title":"The Relationship of Plasma Estradiol and Progesterone Levels to the Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Laying Hens ,","volume":"60","author":"Haghighi-Rad","year":"1981","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(95)05710-2","article-title":"Inhibition of the Protective Effect of Estrogen by Progesterone in Experimental Atherosclerosis","volume":"121","author":"Hanke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00707","article-title":"Should I Lay or Should I Grow: Photoperiodic versus Metabolic Cues in Chickens","volume":"11","author":"Hanlon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.651491","article-title":"Changes in the Control of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Gonadal Axis across Three Differentially Selected Strains of Laying Hens (Gallus gallus Domesticus)","volume":"12","author":"Hanlon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101672","article-title":"Bone and Eggshell Quality throughout an Extended Laying Cycle in Three Strains of Layers Spanning 50 Years of Selection","volume":"101","author":"Hanlon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.10.1624","article-title":"Estrogen Receptor-Alpha Populations Change with Age in Commercial Laying Hens","volume":"82","author":"Hansen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B103","first-page":"451","article-title":"Avian Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome: a Comparative Review","volume":"37","author":"Hansen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0611021","article-title":"Daily Feed Intake and Performance of Laying Hens Grouped According to Their Body Weight","volume":"61","author":"Harms","year":"1982","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0560517","article-title":"Experimentally Induced \u201cFatty Liver Syndrome\u201d Condition in Laying Hens","volume":"56","author":"Harms","year":"1977","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.1.1","article-title":"Genetic Correlations between the Maternal Genetic Effect on Chick Weight and the Direct Genetic Effects on Egg Composition Traits in a White Leghorn Line","volume":"82","author":"Hartmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.2508\/chikusan.51.360","article-title":"Effect of Estrogen on Adipose Tissue Accumulation in Chicks, with Reference to Changes in its Chemical Composition and Lipase Activity","volume":"51","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1974.tb00970.x","article-title":"Vitamin D: Mode of Action and Biomedical Applications","volume":"32","author":"Haussler","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.06.070186.002523","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptors: Nature and Function","volume":"6","author":"Haussler","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0600210","article-title":"The Uptake of (6,7-3H) 17\u03b2-Oestradiol by Tissues of the Domestic Fowl during an Ovulation Cycle","volume":"60","author":"Hawkins","year":"1969","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev339","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Keel Bone and Foot Pad Disorders in Laying Hens Housed in Aviary Systems","volume":"95","author":"Heerkens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-38-3-476","article-title":"Plasma Precursors of Estrogen. II. Correlation of the Extent of Conversion of Plasma Androstenedione to Estrone with Age1","volume":"38","author":"Hemsell","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabolism"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.5.805s","article-title":"Lipoprotein Metabolism and Fattening in Poultry","volume":"127","author":"Hermier","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(94)90143-0","article-title":"Influence of Orotic Acid and Estrogen on Hepatic Lipid Storage and Secretion in the Goose Susceptible to Liver Steatosis","volume":"1211","author":"Hermier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochimica Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids Lipid Metabolism"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2014.12.022","article-title":"Growth Hormone Production and Role in the Reproductive System of Female Chicken","volume":"220","author":"Hrabia","year":"2015","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3409\/1734916044527494","article-title":"Effect of Prolactin on Estradiol and Progesterone Secretion by Isolated Chicken Ovarian Follicles","volume":"52","author":"Hrabia","year":"2004","journal-title":"folia Biol. (krakow)"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3409\/fb.56_3-4.187-191","article-title":"Expression of \u03b1 and \u03b2 Estrogen Receptors in the Chicken Ovary","volume":"56","author":"Hrabia","year":"2008","journal-title":"folia Biol. (krakow)"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-98-2-438","article-title":"Control of Uterine Estrogen Receptor Levels by Progesterone","volume":"98","author":"Hsueh","year":"1976","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/86.4.433","article-title":"Absorption of Calcium and Phosphorus along the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Laying Fowl as Influenced by Dietary Calcium and Egg Shell Formation","volume":"86","author":"Hurwitz","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B120","first-page":"45","article-title":"Parathyroid Hormone","volume-title":"Vertebrate Endocrinology: Fundamentals and Biomedical Implications","author":"Hurwitz","year":"1989"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/00071667208415919","article-title":"The Distribution of Lipoprotein Lipase in Tissues of the Domestic Fowl and the Effects of Feeding and Starving","volume":"13","author":"Husbands","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod40.4.709","article-title":"Disparate Effects of Estrogens on In Vitro Steroidogenesis by Mammalian and Avian Granulosa Cells1","volume":"40","author":"Hutz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biol. Reproduction"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.16087","article-title":"Chicken RFamide-Related Peptide (GnIH) and Two Distinct Receptor Subtypes: Identification, Molecular Characterization, and Evolutionary Considerations","volume":"51","author":"Ikemoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Reproduction Dev."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-0929.2006.00341.x","article-title":"Expression and Localization of Estrogen Receptors Alpha and Beta mRNA in Medullary Bone of Laying Hens","volume":"77","author":"Imamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.012856","article-title":"Mechanism of Asymmetric Ovarian Development in Chick Embryos","volume":"135","author":"Ishimaru","year":"2008","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(90)90017-3","article-title":"Distribution of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors and Steroid-Regulated Gene Products in the Chick Oviduct","volume":"69","author":"Isola","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B127","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Avian Skeletal System","author":"Jacob","year":"2013"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00592574","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Localization of Vitamin D-dependent Calcium-Binding Protein in Duodenum, Kidney, Uterus and Cerebellum of Chickens","volume":"71","author":"Jande","year":"1981","journal-title":"Histochemistry"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0794","article-title":"Fat Mass Is Not Beneficial to Bone in Adolescents and Young Adults","volume":"92","author":"Janicka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabolism"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122355","article-title":"Correction: Jansen, S., et al. Relationship between Bone Stability and Egg Production in Genetically Divergent Chicken Layer Lines. Animals 2020, 10, 850","volume":"10","author":"Jansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0410528","article-title":"Hyperlipemic Effect of ACTH Injections in the Chicken","volume":"41","author":"Jaussi","year":"1962","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02800","article-title":"Changes of Blood Parameters Associated with Bone Remodeling Following Experimentally Induced Fatty Liver Disorder in Laying Hens","volume":"92","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.10.013","article-title":"Genistein Activated Adenosine 5\u2032-Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase-Sirtuin1\/peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor \u03b3 Coactivator-1\u03b1 Pathway Potentially through Adiponectin and Estrogen Receptor \u03b2 Signaling to Suppress Fat Deposition in Broiler Chickens","volume":"100","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20201576","article-title":"CYP19A1 (Aromatase) Dominates Female Gonadal Differentiation in Chicken (Gallus gallus) Embryos Sexual Differentiation","volume":"40","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4521","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.10.7022","article-title":"Bcl-Xlong Protein Expression and Phosphorylation in Granulosa Cells1","volume":"140","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3116","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.7.8240","article-title":"Regulation of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein and Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Hen Granulosa Cells*","volume":"142","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.5.8612548","article-title":"Susceptibility of Avian Ovarian Granulosa Cells to Apoptosis Is Dependent upon Stage of Follicle Development and Is Related to Endogenous Levels of Bcl-Xlong Gene Expression","volume":"137","author":"Johnson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(03)00090-3","article-title":"Intracellular Mechanisms Regulating Cell Survival in Ovarian Follicles","volume":"78","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Animal Reproduction Sci."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0720867","article-title":"Regulation of Follicle Differentiation by Gonadotropins and Growth Factors","volume":"72","author":"Johnson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod25.1.153","article-title":"Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Sensitivity to Hormones in the Hen. II. Plasma Concentrations of LH, Progesterone, and Testosterone in Response to Peripheral and Central Injections of LHRH or Testosterone","volume":"25","author":"Johnson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biol. Reproduction"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod23.2.386","article-title":"Plasma Concentrations of Six Steroids and LH during the Ovulatory Cycle of the Hen, Gallus domesticus1","volume":"23","author":"Johnson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biol. Reproduction"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod35.3.641","article-title":"Decreased Granulosa Cell Luteinizing Hormone Sensitivity and Altered Thecal Estradiol Concentration in the Aged Hen, Gallus Domesticus1","volume":"35","author":"Johnson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol. Reproduction"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(87)90117-1","article-title":"The Effect of Age on Egg Production in the Domestic Hen","volume":"65","author":"Joyner","year":"1987","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1079\/wps19970012","article-title":"Current Knowledge of Sexual Differentiation in Domestic Fowl","volume":"53","author":"Kagami","year":"1997","journal-title":"World's Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(86)90229-7","article-title":"Nuclear Estrogen Receptor Bindings in Granulosa Cells and Estradiol-17\u03b2 Contents in Follicular Membranes of the Ovary of the Hen during the Ovulatory Cycle","volume":"61","author":"Kamiyoshi","year":"1986","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.5.854","article-title":"Estrogen via the Estrogen Receptor Blocks cAMP-Mediated Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)-stimulated Osteoclast Formation","volume":"13","author":"Kanatani","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00157","article-title":"Development and Evaluation of a Dynamic Model of Calcium and Phosphorus Flows in Layers","volume":"88","author":"Kebreab","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.08.019","article-title":"Rapid Alterations of Avian Medullary Bone Material during the Daily Egg-Laying Cycle","volume":"69","author":"Kerschnitzki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/77.9.1320","article-title":"Investigation on the Possibility of Reducing Protein, Phosphorus, and Calcium Requirements of Laying Hens by Manipulation of Time of Access to These Nutrients","volume":"77","author":"Keshavarz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(87)90332-5","article-title":"Regulation of Chicken Apolipoprotein B: Cloning, Tissue Distribution, and Estrogen Induction of mRNA","volume":"59","author":"Kirchgessner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B152","first-page":"234","article-title":"Minerals","volume-title":"Comparative Avian Nutrition","author":"Klassing","year":""},{"key":"B153","first-page":"277","article-title":"Vitamins","volume-title":"Comparative Avian Nutrition","author":"Klassing","year":""},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/113.2.320","article-title":"The Effect of Dietary Manganese Deficiency on Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism in the Estrogen-Treated Chicken and the Laying Hen","volume":"113","author":"Klimis-Tavantzis","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0890389","article-title":"Effect of Gonadectomy on the Concentrations of Catecholamines in Discrete Areas of the Diencephalon of the Domestic Fowl","volume":"89","author":"Knight","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00704a034","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-24-Hydroxylase. Subcellular Location and Properties","volume":"13","author":"Knutson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.40.1.8","article-title":"Estrogen-Induced Cytodifferentiation of the Ovalbumin-Secreting Glands of the Chick Oviduct","volume":"40","author":"Kohler","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod45.6.955","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 Side-Chain Cleavage (P450scc) in the Hen Ovary. I. Regulation of P450scc Messenger RNA Levels and Steroidogenesis in Theca Cells of Developing Follicles1","volume":"45","author":"Kowalski","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biol. Reproduction"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.132.6.8504742","article-title":"Regulation of Progesterone Receptor Gene Expression and Growth in the Rat Uterus: Modulation of Estrogen Actions by Progesterone and Sex Steroid Hormone Antagonists","volume":"132","author":"Kraus","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1960481","article-title":"High-affinity Binding of Lower-Density Lipoproteins to Chicken Oocyte Membranes","volume":"196","author":"Krumins","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(79)90041-9","article-title":"Effects of Estrogen Administration on the Lipoproteins and Apoproteins of the Chicken","volume":"572","author":"Kudzma","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4252","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.10.6216","article-title":"Interaction of Estrogenic Chemicals and Phytoestrogens with Estrogen Receptor \u03b2","volume":"139","author":"Kuiper","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod12.5.590","article-title":"Concentrations of Estrogens, Progesterone and LH during the Ovulatory Cycle of the Laying Chicken [Gallus domesticus]","volume":"12","author":"Lague","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biol. Reproduction"},{"key":"B166","first-page":"277","article-title":"The Kidney","volume-title":"Vertebrate Endocrinology: Fundamentals and Biomedical Implications","author":"Laverty","year":"1989"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(94)90202-x","article-title":"Apolipoprotein (Apo) B and apoII Gene Expression Are Both Estrogen-Responsive in Chick Embryo Liver but Only apoII Is Estrogen-Responsive in Kidney","volume":"106","author":"Laziera","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-00686","article-title":"Changes in Hepatic Lipid Parameters and Hepatic Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression Following Estradiol Administration in Laying Hens (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"89","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-128-33022","article-title":"In Vivo lipogenesis in the Domestic Chicken","volume":"128","author":"Leveille","year":"1968","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00271","article-title":"Identification of a Novel Lipid Metabolism-Associated Hepatic Gene Family Induced by Estrogen via ER\u03b1 in Chicken (Gallus gallus)","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1943-0","article-title":"Transcriptome Profile of Liver at Different Physiological Stages Reveals Potential Mode for Lipid Metabolism in Laying Hens","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.05.003","article-title":"Estrogen Stimulates Expression of Chicken Hepatic Vitellogenin II and Very Low-Density Apolipoprotein II through ER-\u03b1","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2017.10.005","article-title":"Letrozole Induced Low Estrogen Levels Affected the Expressions of Duodenal and Renal Calcium-Processing Gene in Laying Hens","volume":"255","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0742-8413(86)90054-x","article-title":"Quantitation of Chick Tissue Zinc-Metallothionein by Gel Electrophoresis and Silver Stain Enhancement","volume":"85","author":"Lin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiology Part C Comp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/83.11.1876","article-title":"Effects of Long-Term Dietary Lipids on Mature Bone Mineral Content, Collagen, Crosslinks, and Prostaglandin E2 Production in Japanese Quail","volume":"83","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.5.831","article-title":"Long-Term Supplementation of Various Dietary Lipids Alters Bone Mineral Content, Mechanical Properties and Histological Characteristics of Japanese Quail","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1700054","article-title":"Age-related Changes of Yolk Precursor Formation in the Liver of Laying Hens","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"B178","volume-title":"Lohmann Management Guide","author":"Lohmann-Tierzucht","year":"2015"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/s0083-6729(08)61014-6","article-title":"Effects of Estrogens on Domestic Fowl and Applications in the Poultry Industry","volume":"12","author":"Lorenz","year":"1954","journal-title":"Vitamins Hormones"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-2275(20)38950-1","article-title":"Biologically Active Metabolite of Vitamin D3 from Bone, Liver, and Blood Serum","volume":"7","author":"Lund","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0380684","article-title":"Formation of Estrone, Estriol and an Unidentified Steroid from Estradiol in the Laying Hen","volume":"38","author":"MacRae","year":"1959","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-07-0369","article-title":"Gonadotropin-inhibitory Hormone (GnIH) Receptor Gene Is Expressed in the Chicken Ovary: Potential Role of GnIH in Follicular Maturation","volume":"135","author":"Maddineni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.01.182","article-title":"Tamoxifen Activates Hypothalamic L-Dopa Synthesis to Stimulate Ovarian Estrogen Production in Chicken","volume":"496","author":"Mao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophysical Res. Commun."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0450946","article-title":"Urinary Excretion of Estrone and of 16-Epi-Estriol Plus 17-Epi-Estriol by the Hen ,","volume":"45","author":"Mathur","year":"1966","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-8993(01)02217-x","article-title":"Expression and Localization of Cytochrome P450 17\u03b1-Hydroxylase\/c17,20-Lyase in the Avian Brain","volume":"899","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4355","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(18)68933-1","article-title":"Relationship between the Levels of Calbindin Synthesis and Calbindin mRNA in Chick Intestine. Quantitation of Calbindin mRNA","volume":"263","author":"Mayel-Afshar","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/s0034-5288(96)90017-x","article-title":"Density and Breaking Strength of Bones of Mortalities Among Caged Layers","volume":"60","author":"Mccoy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Res. Veterinary Sci."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2017-0351","article-title":"Quantification of 27 Yolk Steroid Hormones in Seven Shrubland Bird Species: Interspecific Patterns of Hormone Deposition and Links to Life History, Development, and Predation Risk","volume":"97","author":"Merrill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1637\/10382-092312-Case.1","article-title":"Causes of Mortality in Backyard Chickens in Northern California: 2007-2011","volume":"57","author":"Mete","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092080209","article-title":"Morphological and Ultrastructural Aspects of the Activation of Avian Medullary Bone Osteoclasts by Parathyroid Hormone","volume":"208","author":"Miller","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"B191","first-page":"103","article-title":"Calcium Homeostasis and Mineral Turnover in the Laying Hen","volume-title":"Bone Biology and Skeletal Disorders in Poultry","author":"Miller","year":"1992"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.75.1.104","article-title":"Osteoclast Cell-Surface Changes during the Egg-Laying Cycle in Japanese Quail","volume":"75","author":"Miller","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.16.6.0855","article-title":"Tissue-Protective Effects of Estrogen Involve Regulation of Caspase Gene Expression","volume":"16","author":"Monroe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4626","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.20.13.4626-4634.2000","article-title":"Estrogen Opposes the Apoptotic Effects of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 on Tissue Remodeling","volume":"20","author":"Monroe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10851","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00034a018","article-title":"Vitellogenin and Lipovitellin: Zinc Proteins of Xenopus laevis Oocytes","volume":"34","author":"Montorzi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0220330","article-title":"Dramatic Response of the Chick Oviduct to Estrogen","volume":"22","author":"Munro","year":"1943","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(92)90100-6","article-title":"Genetic Differences in Steroid-Induced Protein Synthesis In Vivo of the Liver and Magnum in Immature Chicks (Gallus Domesticus)","volume":"102","author":"Muramatsu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiology Part B Comp. Biochem."},{"key":"B351","first-page":"306","article-title":"Expression of Genes Involved in Estrogen Synthesis and Expression of the Estrogen Receptor Gene During Early Gonadal Development of Chickens","volume-title":"Poultry Avian Biol. Rev.","author":"Mizuno","year":"1996"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0200193","article-title":"Differential Expression of Genes for Aromatase and Estrogen Receptor during the Gonadal Development in Chicken Embryos","volume":"20","author":"Nakabayashi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod21.5.1153","article-title":"Effects of the Sex Steroid Hormones and Vitamin D3 on Calcium-Binding Proteins in the Chick Shell Gland1","volume":"21","author":"Navickis","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biol. Reproduction"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1079\/wps19970021","article-title":"Skeletal Integrity in Layers at the Completion of Egg Production","volume":"53","author":"Newman","year":"1997","journal-title":"World's Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.09.005","article-title":"A Novel Estrogen-Regulated Avian Apolipoprotein","volume":"95","author":"Nikolay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1098-2795(200001)55:1<20::aid-mrd4>3.0.co;2-e","article-title":"Sex Differentiation and mRNA Expression of P450c17, P450arom and AMH in Gonads of the Chicken","volume":"55","author":"Nishikimi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/s0960-0760(99)00127-2","article-title":"Expression of Five Steroidogenic Genes Including Aromatase Gene at Early Developmental Stages of Chicken Male and Female Embryos","volume":"71","author":"Nomura","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B204","volume-title":"National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry","year":"1994"},{"key":"B205","first-page":"143","article-title":"Avian Eggshell Mineralization","volume":"10","author":"Nys","year":"1999","journal-title":"Poult. Avian Biol. Rev."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809965-0.00022-7","article-title":"Calcium Homeostasis and Eggshell Biomineralization in Female Chicken","volume-title":"Vitamin D","author":"Nys","year":"2018"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(89)90164-0","article-title":"Increases in Calbindin D 28K mRNA in the Uterus of the Domestic Fowl Induced by Sexual Maturity and Shell Formation","volume":"76","author":"Nys","year":"1989","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1110151","article-title":"Blood Levels of Ionized Calcium, Inorganic Phosphorus, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and Gonadal Hormones in Hens Laying Hard-Shelled or Shell-Less Eggs","volume":"111","author":"Nys","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B209","first-page":"345","article-title":"Regulation of Plasma 1,25-(OH)2D3, of Osteocalcin and of Intestinal and Uterine Calbindin in Hens","volume-title":"Avian Endocrinology","author":"Nys","year":"1993"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169-6009(08)80035-9","article-title":"Immunoelectron Microscopic Detection of Estrogen Target Cells in the Bone Marrow of Estrogen-Treated Male Japanese Quail","volume":"20","author":"Ohashi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bone Mineral"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668708417008","article-title":"Effects of Oestrogen and Anti\u2010oestrogen on the Cells of the Endosteal Surface of Male Japanese Quail","volume":"28","author":"Ohashi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02565134","article-title":"Estrogen Target Cells during the Early Stage of Medullary Bone Osteogenesis: Immunohistochemical Detection of Estrogen Receptors in Osteogenic Cells of Estrogen-Treated Male Japanese Quail","volume":"49","author":"Ohashi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-406X(68)90317-4","article-title":"Lipogenesis in Isolated Adipose Tissue of the Domestic Chick (Gallus Domesticus)","volume":"26","author":"O\u2019Hea","year":"1968","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiology"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.43.1.123","article-title":"Interaction of Estrogen and Progesterone in Chick Oviduct Development","volume":"43","author":"Oka","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2009.04.006","article-title":"GPR30\/GPER1: Searching for a Role in Estrogen Physiology","volume":"20","author":"Olde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metabolism"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/80.6.795","article-title":"Steroid Hormones during Embryonic Development in Japanese Quail: Plasma, Gonadal, and Adrenal Levels","volume":"80","author":"Ottinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0680979","article-title":"Sexual Differentiation of Neuroendocrine Systems and Behavior ,","volume":"68","author":"Ottinger","year":"1989","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899309147298","article-title":"Oestrogen Effects on Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts","volume":"25","author":"Oursler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6613","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.15.6613","article-title":"Avian Osteoclasts as Estrogen Target Cells","volume":"88","author":"Oursler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2019.113320","article-title":"In Ovo Metabolism of Estradiol to Estrone Sulfate in Chicken Eggs: Implications for How Yolk Estradiol Influences Embryonic Development","volume":"287","author":"Paitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.50.3.598","article-title":"Interaction of Estrogen and Progesterone in Chick Oviduct Development","volume":"50","author":"Palmiter","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04924.x","article-title":"Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is Associated with Low Bone Mineral Density in Obese Children","volume":"35","author":"Pardee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/s0034-5288(18)32967-9","article-title":"Environmental Temperature as a Factor in the Aetiology of Fatty Liver-Haemorrhagic Syndrome in the Fowl","volume":"25","author":"Pearson","year":"","journal-title":"Res. Veterinary Sci."},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/s0034-5288(18)33103-5","article-title":"The Oestrogenised Chick as an Experimental Model for Fatty Liver-Haemorrhagic Syndrome in the Fowl","volume":"24","author":"Pearson","year":"","journal-title":"Res. Veterinary Sci."},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(86)90004-9","article-title":"Morphological and Histochemical Events during First Bone Formation in Embryonic Chick Limbs","volume":"7","author":"Pechak","year":"","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(86)90005-0","article-title":"Morphology of Bone Development and Bone Remodeling in Embryonic Chick Limbs","volume":"7","author":"Pechak","year":"","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.39.1.257","article-title":"Yolk Transport in the Ovarian Follicle of the Hen (Gallus Domesticus): Lipoprotein-like Particles at the Periphery of the Oocyte in the Rapid Growth Phase","volume":"39","author":"Perry","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev039","article-title":"On-farm Comparison of Keel Fracture Prevalence and Other Welfare Indicators in Conventional Cage and Floor-Housed Laying Hens in Ontario, Canada","volume":"94","author":"Petrik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2013.10.013","article-title":"Dietary Considerations for Atherosclerosis in Common Companion Avian Species","volume":"22","author":"Petzinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-23-4-485","article-title":"Skeletal Changes and Blood Serum Calcium Level in Pigeons Receiving Estrogens","volume":"23","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"1938","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.07.041","article-title":"Renal LRP2 Expression in Man and Chicken Is Estrogen-Responsive","volume":"508","author":"Plieschnig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B233","first-page":"1720","article-title":"Factors Influencing Food Intake and Caloric Balance in Chickens","volume":"32","author":"Polin","year":"1973","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/107.5.873","article-title":"Role of Estrogen as a Cause of Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome","volume":"107","author":"Polin","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-125-1-109","article-title":"Differential Steroid Production between Theca Interna and Theca Externa Cells: A Three-Cell Model for Follicular Steroidogenesis in Avian Species*","volume":"125","author":"Porter","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B236","first-page":"39","article-title":"Bone Remodeling: Regulation by Systemic and Local Factors","volume-title":"Bone Biology and Skeletal Disorders in Poultry","author":"Price","year":"1992"},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.08.015","article-title":"Estrogen-responsive Genes Encoding Egg Yolk Proteins Vitellogenin and Apolipoprotein II in Chicken Are Differentially Regulated by Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators","volume":"85","author":"Ratna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B238","first-page":"583","article-title":"In Vitro characterization of an Estrogen-Regulated mRNA Stabilizing Activity in the Avian Liver","volume":"41","author":"Ratnasabapathy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Biol. Res."},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-2952(97)00084-1","article-title":"Modulation of the Hepatic Expression of the Estrogen-Regulated mRNA Stabilizing Factor by Estrogenic and Antiestrogenic Nonsteroidal Xenobiotics","volume":"53","author":"Ratnasabapathy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1139\/o68-116","article-title":"In Vitro metabolism of estrone-4-14C and Estrone-6,7-3h-3-Sulfate by Laying Hen Liver Homogenates","volume":"46","author":"Raud","year":"1968","journal-title":"Can. J. Biochem."},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-07679-y","article-title":"Global Investigation of Estrogen-Responsive Genes Regulating Lipid Metabolism in the Liver of Laying Hens","volume":"22","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100489","article-title":"Pop Hole Use by Hens with Different Keel Fracture Status Monitored throughout the Laying Period","volume":"170","author":"Richards","year":"2012","journal-title":"Veterinary Rec."},{"key":"B243","first-page":"143","article-title":"Mineral Metabolism in Avian Embryos","volume":"7","author":"Richards","year":"1996","journal-title":"Avian Poult. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"B244","first-page":"426","article-title":"Report of Fatty-Liver Syndrome in a Michigan Caged Layer Operation","volume":"45","author":"Ringer","year":"1963","journal-title":"Q. Bull. Mich. State Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn."},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0710411","article-title":"Effect of Embryonic Treatment with Oestradiol Benzoate on Reproductive Morphology, Ovulation and Oviposition and Plasma LH Concentrations in Female Quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica)","volume":"71","author":"Rissman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(88)90038-x","article-title":"Steroidogenic Relationships of Gonadotrophin Hormones in the Ovary of the Hen (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"69","author":"Robinson","year":"1988","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod35.5.1096","article-title":"Ovarian Steroidogenesis during Foillicular Maturation in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus Domesticus)1","volume":"35","author":"Robinson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0580774","article-title":"Factors Influencing Shell Quality of Aging Hens","volume":"58","author":"Roland","year":"1979","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/s0301-472x(99)00061-2","article-title":"Cell Biology of the Osteoclast","volume":"27","author":"Roodman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061763","article-title":"The Aromatase-Estrogen System in the Testes of Non-mammalian Vertebrates","volume":"11","author":"Rosati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/ncprheum0070","article-title":"Mechanisms of Disease: Is Osteoporosis the Obesity of Bone?","volume":"2","author":"Rosen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B252","first-page":"108","article-title":"Disorders of Calcium: Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcaemia","volume-title":"Fluid Therapy in Small Animal Clinical Practice","author":"Rosol","year":"2000"},{"key":"B253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev367","article-title":"Low Protein and High-Energy Diet: A Possible Natural Cause of Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Caged White Leghorn Laying Hens","volume":"95","author":"Rozenboim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1093\/JAS\/SKAA145","article-title":"Keel Bone Fractures in Laying Hens: A Systematic Review of Prevalence across Age, Housing Systems, and Strains","volume":"98","author":"Rufener","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Animal Sci."},{"key":"B255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1556\/AVet.57.2009.1.9","article-title":"Effect of Tamoxifen on Sex Steroid Concentrations in Chicken Ovarian Follicles","volume":"57","author":"Rz\u0105sa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Veterinaria Hung."},{"key":"B256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-0929.2009.00639.x","article-title":"Changes in Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Gene Expression of Chicken Abdominal Adipose Tissue with Different Age, Sex and Genotype","volume":"80","author":"Sato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Animal Sci. J."},{"key":"B257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1997.9694756","article-title":"Pathological Changes in Metabolism of Poultry Related to Increasing Production Levels","volume":"19","author":"Scheele","year":"1997","journal-title":"Veterinary Q."},{"key":"B258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69150-8_15","article-title":"Effects and Role of Estrogens in Avian Gonadal Differentiation","volume":"1","author":"Scheib","year":"1983","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"B259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0521188","article-title":"Liver Fat and Egg Production of Laying Hens as Influenced by Choline and Other Nutrients","volume":"52","author":"Schexnailder","year":"1973","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-571131-9.50009-8","article-title":"Hormonal Regulation of Ovalbumin Synthesis in the Chick Oviduct","volume":"1","author":"Schimke","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc. 1974 Laurent. Hormone Conf."},{"key":"B261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-2275(20)43172-4","article-title":"Apolipoprotein VLDL-II Inhibits Lipolysis of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in the Laying Hen","volume":"31","author":"Schneider","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"B262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1180127","article-title":"Changes in Serum Concentrations of Steroids during Embryonic and Post-hatching Development of Male and Female Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica)","volume":"118","author":"Schumacher","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Endocr."},{"key":"B263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11446","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.24.11446","article-title":"Yolk Is a Source of Maternal Testosterone for Developing Birds","volume":"90","author":"Schwabl","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B264","first-page":"7","article-title":"Simultaneous Determination of Plasma Ovarian and Thyroid Hormones during Sexual Maturation of the Hen (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"48","author":"Sechman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Folia Biol. (Krakow)"},{"key":"B265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.06.004","article-title":"Effect of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (TCDD) on Steroid Concentrations in Blood and Gonads of Chicken Embryo","volume":"205","author":"Sechman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"B266","first-page":"97","article-title":"Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover: Part I: Biochemistry and Variability","volume":"26","author":"Seibel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"B267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0410107","article-title":"Oestradiol Concentration in the Peripheral Plasma of the Domestic Hen from 7 Weeks of Age until the Time of Sexual Maturity","volume":"41","author":"Senior","year":"1974","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"B268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0800051","article-title":"Variations in Concentrations of Prolactin, Luteinizing Hormone, Growth Hormone and Progesterone in the Plasma of Broody Bantams (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"80","author":"Sharp","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(96)01556-4","article-title":"Strategies in Avian Breeding Cycles","volume":"42","author":"Sharp","year":"1996","journal-title":"Animal Reproduction Sci."},{"key":"B270","first-page":"273","article-title":"Correlation between Serum Estrogen Concentrations, Light and Prolapsed Uterus in Laying Hens","volume":"1","author":"Shemesh","year":"1982","journal-title":"Adv. Pathology"},{"key":"B271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0631638","article-title":"The Role of 17\u03b2-Estradiol in the Recovery from Oviductal Prolapse in Layers","volume":"63","author":"Shemesh","year":"1984","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2018.1538550","article-title":"Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome Occurrence in Laying Hens: Impact of Production System","volume":"48","author":"Shini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B273","volume-title":"Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome in Laying Hens","author":"Shini","year":"2012"},{"key":"B274","first-page":"44","volume-title":"Occurrence and Control of Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome (FLHS) in Caged Hens","author":"Shini","year":"2009"},{"key":"B275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2019.1674444","article-title":"Unravelling Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome: 1. Oestrogen and Inflammation","volume":"49","author":"Shini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B276","first-page":"601","article-title":"Mortality Rates and Causes of Death in Laying Hens Kept in Cage and Alternative Housing Systems","volume-title":"12th European Poultry Conference","author":"Shini","year":"2006"},{"key":"B278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185x.1961.tb01292.x","article-title":"Calcium Metabolism and Avian Reproduction","volume":"36","author":"Simkiss","year":"1961","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"B279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/s0960-0760(96)00196-3","article-title":"Gonadal Sex Differentiation in Chicken Embryos: Expression of Estrogen Receptor and Aromatase Genes","volume":"60","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213X-8-85","article-title":"Onset of Meiosis in the Chicken Embryo; Evidence of a Role for Retinoic Acid","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0163-7827(97)00012-x","article-title":"Transport and Transformations of Yolk Lipids during Development of the Avian Embryo","volume":"37","author":"Speake","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"B282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(88)90031-0","article-title":"Aetiology of Fatty Liver Syndrome in Laying Hens","volume":"144","author":"Squires","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. Veterinary J."},{"key":"B283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.2307\/1589933","article-title":"Induction of Fatty Liver-Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Laying Hens by Exogenous B-Estradiol","volume":"25","author":"Stake","year":"1981","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(91)90232-H","article-title":"Modulation of Quail Intestinal and Egg Shell Gland Calbindin (Mr 28,000) Gene Expression by Vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Egg Laying","volume":"75","author":"Striem","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/0470846658.ch16","article-title":"The Molecular Basis of Osteoclast Differentiation and Activation","volume":"232","author":"Suda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Novartis Found. Symp."},{"key":"B286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.31.392","article-title":"Efeect of Parathyroid Hormone on Osteoclasts in Organ-Cultured Medullary Bone","volume":"31","author":"Sugiyama","year":"1994","journal-title":"Jpn. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B287","first-page":"149","article-title":"Morphological Changes of Osteoclasts on Hen Medullary Bone during the Egg-Laying Cycle and Their Regulation","volume-title":"Comparative Endocrinology of Calcium Regulating Hormones","author":"Sugiyama","year":"1996"},{"key":"B288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669308417602","article-title":"Ultrastructural Changes of Osteoclasts on Hen Medullary Bone during the Egg\u2010laying Cycle","volume":"34","author":"Sugiyama","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B290","article-title":"Optimizing Lighting for Precision Broiler Breeder Feeding","author":"Takeshima","year":"2018"},{"key":"B291","first-page":"261","article-title":"Differential Effects of Constant Supplemental Light Wavelength on Plasma Estradiol and Melatonin Levels, Body Weight, and Egg Production in Female Broiler Breeders","volume-title":"Poult. Sci.","author":"Takeshima","year":"2019"},{"key":"B292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0238784","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238784","article-title":"Expression Characteristics and Regulatory Mechanism of Apela Gene in Liver of Chicken (Gallus gallus)","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(79)90189-8","article-title":"Production and Secretion of Sex Steroid Hormones by the Testes, the Ovary, and the Adrenal Glands of Embryonic and Young Chickens (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"39","author":"Tanabe","year":"1979","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.28.605","article-title":"Comparisons of Plasma LH, Progesterone, Testosterone and Estradiol Concentrations in Male and Female Chickens (Gallus domesticus) from 28 to 1141 Days of Age","volume":"28","author":"Tanabe","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Jpn."},{"key":"B295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.73.2.332","article-title":"Lipogenesis and the Synthesis and Secretion of Very Low Density Lipoprotein by Avian Liver Cells in Nonproliferating Monolayer Culture. Hormonal Effects","volume":"73","author":"Tarlow","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-2275(20)32562-1","article-title":"Secretion of apoB- and apoA-I-Containing Lipoproteins by Chick Kidney","volume":"39","author":"Tarugi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"B297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1110059","article-title":"Effect of Oestradiol Replacement in Ovariectomized Chickens on Pituitary LH Concentrations and Concentrations of mRNAs Encoding LH and Subunits","volume":"111","author":"Terada","year":"1997","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"B298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16943","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(19)75981-x","article-title":"Regulation of Calbindin-D28k Gene Expression by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Is Correlated to Receptor Occupancy","volume":"261","author":"Theofan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1064","article-title":"Identity of an Estrogen Membrane Receptor Coupled to a G Protein in Human Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"146","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod45.6.967","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 Side-Chain Cleavage (P450scc) in the Hen Ovary. II. P450scc Messenger RNA, Immunoreactive Protein, and Enzyme Activity in Developing Granulosa Cells1","volume":"45","author":"Tilly","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"B301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.8.1243","article-title":"The Role of Estrogen in the Control of Rat Osteocyte Apoptosis","volume":"13","author":"Tomkinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813503569","article-title":"Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome in the Backyard Chicken","volume":"51","author":"Trott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"B303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128X(84)90059-X","article-title":"Production, Clearance Rates and Metabolic Fate of Estradiol-17\u03b2 in the Plasma of the Laying Hen","volume":"43","author":"Tsang","year":"1984","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"B304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3350","article-title":"A Novel Avian Hypothalamic Peptide Inhibiting Gonadotropin Release","volume":"275","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophysical Res. Commun."},{"key":"B305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.5.1946","article-title":"Calcium-binding Protein of Chorioallantoic Membrane: Identification and Development Expression","volume":"74","author":"Tuan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B306","first-page":"1","article-title":"Calcium Tetany in Broiler Breeder Hens: Update","volume":"1","author":"Turner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aviagen Brief."},{"key":"B307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-15-3-275","article-title":"Skeletal Effects of Estrogen","volume":"15","author":"Turner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"B308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0720728","article-title":"Evidence that Estrogen Binding Sites Are Present in Bone Cells and Mediate Medullary Bone Formation in Japanese Quail","volume":"72","author":"Turner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1178","article-title":"Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone Inhibits Gonadal Development and Maintenance by Decreasing Gonadotropin Synthesis and Release in Male Quail","volume":"147","author":"Ubuka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B310","first-page":"379","article-title":"Serum Osteocalcin as a Biochemical Bone Formation Marker","volume":"15","author":"Ugar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Arch."},{"key":"B311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-66-3-377","article-title":"Osteoporosis in the Laying Hen1","volume":"66","author":"Urist","year":"1960","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B312","first-page":"712","article-title":"Comparative Antirachitic Activity of Vitamins D2 and D3 in the Body of Chicks","volume":"17","author":"Valinietse","year":"1981","journal-title":"Prikl. Biokhim Mikrobiol."},{"key":"B313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0221-8747(84)90029-8","article-title":"Changes in Activity of Chicken Medullary Bone Cell Populations in Relation to the Egg-Laying Cycle","volume":"5","author":"van de Velde","year":"1984","journal-title":"Metabolic Bone Dis. Relat. Res."},{"key":"B314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16573","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4117","article-title":"Estrogenic Gper Signaling Regulates Mir144 Expression in Cancer Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (Cafs)","volume":"6","author":"Vivacqua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B352","first-page":"31","article-title":"Lipoproteins and the Laying Hen: Form Follows Function","volume":"7","author":"Walzem","year":"1996","journal-title":"Poultry Avian Biol. Rev."},{"key":"B315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.2.467S","article-title":"Estrogen Induction of VLDLy Assembly in Egg-Laying Hens","volume":"129","author":"Walzem","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-2275(20)40077-x","article-title":"Overfeeding Increases Very Low Density Lipoprotein Diameter and Causes the Appearance of a Unique Lipoprotein Particle in Association with Failed Yolk Deposition","volume":"35","author":"Walzem","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"B317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0721479","article-title":"Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Hens Overfed a Purified Diet. Selected Enzyme Activities and Liver Histology in Relation to Liver Hemorrhage and Reproductive Performance ,","volume":"72","author":"Walzem","year":"1993","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.08.014","article-title":"Simultaneous Determination of Sex Hormones in Egg Products by ZnCl2 Depositing Lipid, Solid-phase Extraction and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography\/electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"678","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"B319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e112896","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112896","article-title":"Growth Hormone-Regulated mRNAs and miRNAs in Chicken Hepatocytes","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131828","article-title":"Quantitative Proteomic Analyses during Formation of Chicken Egg Yolk","volume":"374","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.6.1084","article-title":"Dietary Lipids Modulate Bone Prostaglandin E2 Production, Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Concentration and Formation Rate in Chicks","volume":"127","author":"Watkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Mol. Roles Nutrients Diet. Lipids Modul. Bone Prostaglandin E 2 Prod. Nutr"},{"key":"B322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/83.2.184","article-title":"Welfare Implications of Avian Osteoporosis","volume":"83","author":"Webster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/79.7.1033","article-title":"Osteoporosis in Cage Layers","volume":"79","author":"Whitehead","year":"2000","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/83.2.193","article-title":"Overview of Bone Biology in the Egg-Laying Hen","volume":"83","author":"Whitehead","year":"2004","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B325","first-page":"265","article-title":"Characteristics of Osteopenia in Hens","volume-title":"Bone Biology and Skeletal Disorders in Poultry","author":"Whitehead","year":"1992"},{"key":"B326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.d4831","article-title":"Influence of Housing System and Design on Bone Strength and Keel Bone Fractures in Laying Hens","volume":"169","author":"Wilkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Veterinary Rec."},{"key":"B327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0750447","article-title":"A Comparison of Plasma Progesterone and Luteinizing Hormone in Growing Hens from Eight Weeks of Age to Sexual Maturity","volume":"75","author":"Williams","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B328","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0710087","article-title":"Induction of Luteinizing Hormone Release by Gonadal Steroids in the Ovariectomized Domestic Hen","volume":"71","author":"Wilson","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900470","article-title":"Estrogen and Cancellous Bone Loss in the Fowl","volume":"62","author":"Wilson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"B330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4474","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.8.4474","article-title":"Coordinate Regulation of Two Estrogen-dependent Genes in Avian Liver","volume":"77","author":"Wiskocil","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B331","first-page":"235","article-title":"L\u2019action de l\u2019oestrone sur 1\u2019oviducte et la cloaque des poussins femelles, intersexues et males","volume":"123","author":"Wolff","year":"1936","journal-title":"Compt. Rend. Soc. De. Biol."},{"key":"B332","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0511707","article-title":"Lipid Accumulation and Hemorrhage in Livers of Laying Chickens","volume":"51","author":"Wolford","year":"1972","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0501331","article-title":"The Effect of Temperature and Iodinated Casein on Liver Lipids of Laying Chickens","volume":"50","author":"Wolford","year":"1971","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(81)90353-1","article-title":"Plasma 17\u03b2-Estradiol Levels in the Chick Embryo","volume":"44","author":"Woods","year":"1981","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B335","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(78)90117-x","article-title":"The Synthesis of Estrogens in the Gonads of the Chick Embryo","volume":"36","author":"Woods","year":"1978","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.10.022","article-title":"Osteocalcin Prevents Insulin Resistance, Hepatic Inflammation, and Activates Autophagy Associated with High-Fat Diet-Induced Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Aged Laying Hens","volume":"100","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020570","article-title":"Effect of Age on Bone Structure Parameters in Laying Hens","volume":"11","author":"Yamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1997.6884","article-title":"Changes in Plasma Concentrations of Luteinizing Hormone, Progesterone, and Testosterone in turkey Hens during the Ovulatory Cycle","volume":"106","author":"Yang","year":"1997","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1999.7405","article-title":"Expression of Calcium-Sensing Receptor Gene by Avian Parathyroid Gland In Vivo: Relationship to Plasma Calcium","volume":"117","author":"Yarden","year":"2000","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B340","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05196.x","article-title":"Review Article: Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Osteoporosis - Clinical and Molecular Crosstalk","volume":"36","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1996.0064","article-title":"Expression of P45017\u03b1Hydroxylase and P450 Aromatase Genes in the Chicken Gonad before and after Sexual Differentiation","volume":"102","author":"Yoshida","year":"1996","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B343","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(73)90120-x","article-title":"Effects of Estradiol and Testosterone on the Immature Female Chicken (Gallus domesticus)-II. Immunodiffusional Patterns of Yolk Lipoproteins in the Liver and Plasma","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"1973","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiology Part B Comp. Biochem."},{"key":"B344","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051624","article-title":"Estrogen Abolishes the Repression Role of Gga-miR-221-5p Targeting ELOVL6 and SQLE to Promote Lipid Synthesis in Chicken Liver","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ijms"},{"key":"B345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-020-00447-y","article-title":"JUN Promotes Chicken Female Differentiation by Inhibiting Smad2","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"B346","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/10495390701574887","article-title":"Cloning and Tissue Expression Characterization of the ChickenAPOBGene","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B347","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1017\/s1751731117002658","article-title":"Genetic Selection on Abdominal Fat Content Alters the Reproductive Performance of Broilers","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"B348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2019.109464","article-title":"Effect of FSH on E2\/GPR30-Mediated Mouse Oocyte Maturation In Vitro","volume":"66","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"B349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0572","article-title":"Relationship of Obesity with Osteoporosis","volume":"92","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabolism"},{"key":"B350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2012.04.009","article-title":"No Evidence that Estrogens Affect the Development of the Immune System in the Red-Eared Slider Turtle, Trachemys scripta","volume":"62","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hormones Behav."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.942790\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T05:12:11Z","timestamp":1656652331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.942790\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"references-count":345,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2022.942790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.942790","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"article-number":"942790"}}