{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:37:42Z","timestamp":1787319462648,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aims:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Inflammation-driven endothelitis seems to be a hallmark of acute heart failure (AHF) and cardiogenic shock (CS). Endocan, a soluble proteoglycan secreted by the activated endothelium, contributes to inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, but has been scarcely explored in human AHF. We aimed to evaluate serum (S-Endocan) and urinary endocan (U-Endocan) profiles in AHF and CS patients and to correlate them with biomarkers\/parameters of inflammation, endothelial activation, cardiovascular dysfunction and prognosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Blood and spot urine were collected from patients with AHF (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 23) or CS (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 25) at days 1\u20132 (admission), 3-4 and 5-8 and from controls (blood donors,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 22) at a single time point. S-Endocan, U-Endocan, serum IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 (S-TNF-\u03b1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (S-ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (S-VCAM-1) and E-selectin were determined by ELISA or multiplex immunoassays. Serum C-reactive protein (S-CRP), plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (P-BNP) and high-sensitivity troponin I (P-hs-trop I), lactate, urea, creatinine and urinary proteins, as well as prognostic scores (APACHE II, SAPS II) and echocardiographic left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were also evaluated.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Admission S-Endocan was higher in both patient groups, with CS presenting greater values than AHF (AHF and CS vs. Controls,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.001; CS\n                    <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                    . AHF,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.01). Admission U-Endocan was only higher in CS patients (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.01\n                    <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Controls). At admission, S-VCAM-1, S-IL-6 and S-TNF-\u03b1 were also higher in both patient groups but there were no differences in S-E-selectin and S-IL-1\u03b2 among the groups, nor in P-BNP, S-CRP or renal function between AHF and CS. Neither endocan nor other endothelial and inflammatory markers were reduced during hospitalization (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;gt; 0.05). S-Endocan positively correlated with S-VCAM-1, S-IL-6, S-CRP, APACHE II and SAPS II scores and was positively associated with P-BNP in multivariate analyses. Admission S-Endocan raised in line with LVEF impairment (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.008 for linear trend).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Admission endocan significantly increases across AHF spectrum. The lack of reduction in endothelial and inflammatory markers throughout hospitalization suggests a perpetuation of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. S-Endocan appears to be a biomarker of endothelitis and a putative therapeutic target in AHF and CS, given its association with LVEF impairment and P-BNP and its positive correlation with prognostic scores.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.965611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T12:15:13Z","timestamp":1660220113000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Endothelitis profile in acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock patients: Endocan as a potential novel biomarker and putative therapeutic target"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Reina-Couto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Silva-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Pereira-Terra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janete","family":"Quelhas-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Serr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia Camila","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Morato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o T","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Roncon-Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Artur","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Albino-Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-019-0249-y","article-title":"Extracorporeal life support and systemic inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Al-Fares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med. 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