{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T13:39:19Z","timestamp":1762609159621,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> As the number of COVID-19 cases begin to diminish it is important to turn our attention to any long-term issues that may be associated with a prior infection. Cardiovascular defects have been noted following prior SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, less is known about how a previous infection alters the cardiovascular response to exercise. Further, differences may exist during exercise between previously SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals who had symptoms (symptomatic) relative to those who did not have symptoms (asymptomatic). We hypothesized that previously symptomatic (S) COVID-19 recoveries have an altered cardiovascular response to acute exercise relative to both control (CON; never infected), and previously COVID-19 positive asymptomatic (AS) individuals.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Twenty-seven subjects (CON = 9; AS = 9; S = 9) underwent 30\u00a0min of submaximal treadmill exercise. During exercise, blood pressure was recorded on the brachial artery every 5\u00a0min and 3-lead electrocardiography was measured continuously. Indirect indicators of autonomic nervous system health: heart rate variability and blood pressure variability were measured during each session. Baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP) was taken prior to exercise in seated, standing and supine positions.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Blood pressure was similar (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05) amongst all three groups. There were no differences between average heart rate (HR; CON = 104 \u00b1 4 BPM vs AS = 118 \u00b1 6 BPM vs. S = 112 \u00b1 3 BPM), mean arterial pressure (MAP; CON = 108 \u00b1 4\u00a0mmHg vs. AS = 105 \u00b1 13\u00a0mmHg vs. S = 108 \u00b1 7\u00a0mmHg) or oxygen consumption (VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) between groups during a bout of exercise. However, the standard deviation of the inter beat intervals of normal sinus beats, a measure of heart rate variability (HRV) (CON = 138 \u00b1 2.8\u00a0m vs. AS = 156 \u00b1 6\u00a0m vs. S = 77.7 \u00b1 11\u00a0m; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) and blood pressure variability (BPV; CON = 5.18 \u00b1 1.1 vs. AS = 12.1 \u00b1 0.88\u00a0mmHg vs. S = 10.2 \u00b1 10.7\u00a0mmHg; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) were different in our S group. Further, when HRV was assessed in the frequency domain the very low frequency was different during exercise in the S group relative to the other groups.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold> Collectively, these data suggest that a previous symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection may alter heart rate and blood pressure regulation during exercise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1052369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T05:56:25Z","timestamp":1675662985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Individuals with a previous symptomatic COVID-19 infection have altered heart rate and blood pressure variability during acute exercise"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jillian","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hailey","family":"Senior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Homitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niamh","family":"Cashin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Guers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x","article-title":"Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats","volume":"34","author":"Berntson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2020.06.017","article-title":"The two faces of ACE2: The role of ACE2 receptor and its polymorphisms in hypertension and COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Bosso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. 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