{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T14:59:45Z","timestamp":1792162785653,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1250\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1250\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Subclinical inflammation is linked to comorbidities and risk factors, consolidating the diagnosis of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, hepatic steatosis, and some types of cancer. In this context, the role of macrophages is highlighted as a marker of inflammation as well as for the high power of plasticity of these cells. Macrophages can be activated in a wide range between classical or proinflammatory, named M1, and alternative or anti-inflammatory, also known as M2 polarization. All nuances between M1 and M2 macrophages orchestrate the immune response by secreting different sets of chemokines, while M1 cells promote Th1 response, the M2 macrophages recruit Th2 and Tregs lymphocytes. In turn, physical exercise has been a faithful tool in combating the proinflammatory phenotype of macrophages. This review proposes to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms in which physical exercise can help control inflammation and infiltration of macrophages within the non-communicable diseases scope. During obesity progress, proinflammatory macrophages predominate in adipose tissue inflammation, which reduces insulin sensitivity until the development of type 2 diabetes, progression of atherosclerosis, and diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this case, physical activity restores the balance between the proinflammatory\/anti-inflammatory macrophage ratio, reducing the level of meta-inflammation. In the case of cancer, the tumor microenvironment is compatible with a high level of hypoxia, which contributes to the advancement of the disease. However, exercise increases the level of oxygen supply, favoring macrophage polarization in favor of disease regression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1061353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T05:01:20Z","timestamp":1682398880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Physical exercise, health, and disease treatment: The role of macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Irineu O. M.","family":"Callegari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme Z.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre G.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v15i4.13","article-title":"Aerobic exercises alleviate symptoms of fatigue related to inflammatory cytokines in obese patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Abd El-Kader","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0b013e3283592cbb","article-title":"The influence of physical activity on the profile of immune response cells and cytokine synthesis in mice with experimental breast tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene","volume":"22","author":"Abdalla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.5717\/jenb.2014.18.3.311","article-title":"Combined influence of dietary restriction and treadmill running on MCP-1 and the expression of oxidative stress-related mRNA in the adipose tissue in obese mice","volume":"18","author":"Ahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exerc Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00249.2009","article-title":"Swim training suppresses tumor growth in mice","volume":"107","author":"Almeida","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10519","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-0079","article-title":"Activation of Toll-like receptor 4 on tumor cells in vitro inhibits subsequent tumor growth in vivo","volume":"67","author":"Andreani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx106","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms of obesity paradox","volume":"113","author":"Antonopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500272","article-title":"The complex immunological and inflammatory network of adipose tissue in obesity","volume":"60","author":"Apostolopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.3181\/0704-RM-93","article-title":"Effect of a high-intensity exercise training on the metabolism and function of macrophages and lymphocytes of walker 256 tumor bearing rats","volume":"232","author":"Bacurau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0844(200012)18:4<249:AID-CBF879>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Effect of a moderate intensity exercise training protocol on the metabolism of macrophages and lymphocytes of tumour-bearing rats","volume":"18","author":"Bacurau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G22","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00229.2017","article-title":"Macrophage depletion using clodronate liposomes decreases tumorigenesis and alters gut microbiota in the AOM\/DSS mouse model of colon cancer","volume":"314","author":"Bader","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-020-00731-7","article-title":"Differences in macrophage polarization in the adipose tissue of obese mice under various levels of exercise intensity","volume":"76","author":"Baek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4037-x","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on intrahepatic lipid content in humans","volume":"59","author":"Brouwers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31816c091d","article-title":"Low-intensity exercise exerts beneficial effects on plasma lipids via PPARgamma","volume":"40","author":"Butcher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000595","article-title":"Effect of training intensity on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"47","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2014.10","article-title":"Effects of LPS and dietary free fatty acids on MCP-1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and macrophages in vitro","volume":"4","author":"Cullberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-017-4576-y","article-title":"Adipose tissue inflammation in breast cancer survivors: Effects of a 16-week combined aerobic and resistance exercise training intervention","volume":"168","author":"Dieli-Conwright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2925","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease","volume":"11","author":"Donath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.013","article-title":"Origin and functions of tissue macrophages","volume":"41","author":"Epelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00644","article-title":"Aerobic exercise training selectively changes oxysterol levels and metabolism reducing cholesterol accumulation in the aorta of dyslipidemic mice","volume":"8","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20376","article-title":"The macrophage-specific serum marker, soluble CD163, is increased in obesity and reduced after dietary-induced weight loss","volume":"21","author":"Fjeldborg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes. (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309548","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/309548","article-title":"Human adipose tissue macrophages are enhanced but changed to an anti-inflammatory profile in obesity","volume":"2014","author":"Fjeldborg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40789","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40789","article-title":"Paracrine cross-talk between skeletal muscle and macrophages in exercise by PGC-1\u03b1-controlled BNP","volume":"7","author":"Furrer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2016.03.016","article-title":"A stratified myeloid system, the challenge of understanding macrophage diversity","volume":"27","author":"Geissmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2016.00065","article-title":"Exercise and adipose tissue macrophages: New Frontiers in obesity research?","volume":"7","author":"Goh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"158","article-title":"Exercise, physical activity and breast cancer: The role of tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"18","author":"Goh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exerc Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2014.06.004","article-title":"Exercise enhances wound healing and prevents cancer progression during aging by targeting macrophage polarity","volume":"139","author":"Goh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"422","article-title":"Exercise training and immune crosstalk in breast cancer microenvironment: Exploring the paradigms of exercise-induced immune modulation and exercise-induced myokines","volume":"6","author":"Goh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6318","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i27.6318","article-title":"Effectiveness of exercise in hepatic fat mobilization in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Golabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22296","article-title":"CD40ligand-expressing dendritic cells induce regression of hepatocellular carcinoma by activating innate and acquired immunity in vivo","volume":"48","author":"Gonzalez-Carmona","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD010804","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010804.pub2","article-title":"Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults","volume":"11","author":"Grande","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.08.023","article-title":"Aerobic vs. resistance exercise in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review","volume":"66","author":"Hashida","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.10.029","article-title":"Integrative biology of exercise","volume":"159","author":"Hawley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115015","article-title":"Obesity II: Establishing causal links between chemical exposures and obesity","volume":"199","author":"Heindel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112709","article-title":"Reduced oxidative stress and enhanced FGF21 formation in livers of endurance-exercised rats with diet-induced NASH","volume":"11","author":"Henkel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i10.1297","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms involved in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and novel potential therapeutic targets","volume":"7","author":"Higuera-de la Tijera","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0322","article-title":"Signals from the adipose microenvironment and the obesity-cancer link-A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Himbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila)."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.09.015","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms linking exercise to cancer prevention and treatment","volume":"27","author":"Hojman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6074","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-2603","article-title":"Molecular pathways: Adipose inflammation as a mediator of obesity-associated cancer","volume":"19","author":"Howe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12148","article-title":"Doxorubicin inhibits muscle inflammation after eccentric exercise","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5163","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281356","article-title":"Interpreting 'anti-inflammatory' cytokine responses to exercise: Focus on interleukin-10","volume":"599","author":"Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B41","first-page":"215","article-title":"Physical exercise may improve macrophage phagocytic activity of tumor bearing mice","volume":"6","author":"J\u00e4pel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vivo"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5717\/jenb.2015.15060203","article-title":"The effects of either resveratrol or exercise on macrophage infiltration and switching from M1 to M2 in high fat diet mice","volume":"19","author":"Jeong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exerc Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23129","article-title":"Aerobic exercise training reduces hepatic and visceral lipids in obese individuals without weight loss","volume":"50","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1139\/H08-104","article-title":"Effects of presurgical exercise training on systemic inflammatory markers among patients with malignant lung lesions","volume":"34","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2013.e3","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training promote atherosclerotic plaque stabilization in apolipoprotein E knockout mice with diabetic atherosclerosis","volume":"57","author":"Kadoglou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Histochem"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-16-0602","article-title":"Effects of exercise on insulin, igf Axis, adipocytokines, and inflammatory markers in breast cancer survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2013.06.007","article-title":"Antagonistic crosstalk between NF-\u03baB and SIRT1 in the regulation of inflammation and metabolic disorders","volume":"25","author":"Kauppinen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13902","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13902","article-title":"Exercise training suppresses scavenger receptor CD36 expression in kupffer cells of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model mice","volume":"6","author":"Kawanishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"B49","first-page":"105","article-title":"Exercise training inhibits inflammation in adipose tissue via both suppression of macrophage infiltration and acceleration of phenotypic switching from M1 to M2 macrophages in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice","volume":"16","author":"Kawanishi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exerc Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e457","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30411-4","article-title":"Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, diet, and cancer: An update and emerging new evidence","volume":"18","author":"Kerr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R179","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00177.2007","article-title":"Exercise accelerates cutaneous wound healing and decreases wound inflammation in aged mice","volume":"294","author":"Keylock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.233.17","article-title":"Proper exercise decreases plasma carcinoembryonic antigen levels with the improvement of body condition in elderly women","volume":"233","author":"Ko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.08.010","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction drives a mechanistically distinct proinflammatory phenotype in adipose tissue macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Kratz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827614552986","article-title":"Immune and inflammatory signaling pathways in exercise and obesity","volume":"10","author":"Kr\u00fcger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2014.02.008","article-title":"The immunomodulating role of exercise in metabolic disease","volume":"35","author":"Lancaster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-017-1955-5","article-title":"Macrophage function in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"469","author":"Lauterbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2017.10.004","article-title":"Macrophage polarization and meta-inflammation","volume":"191","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.06.028","article-title":"Adiponectin, TNF-\u03b1 and inflammatory cytokines and risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0534-z","article-title":"Prognostic value of macrophage polarization markers in epithelial neoplasms and melanoma. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"L\u00f3pez-Janeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R482","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1999.276.2.R482","article-title":"Chronic exercise increases macrophage-mediated tumor cytolysis in young and old mice","volume":"276","author":"Lu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1076","article-title":"Increased inflammatory properties of adipose tissue macrophages recruited during diet-induced obesity","volume":"56","author":"Lumeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.117246","article-title":"Eccentric exercise and dietary restriction inhibits M1 macrophage polarization activated by high-fat diet-induced obesity","volume":"243","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5445","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5526","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines in eyes with uveal melanoma and relation with macrophage infiltration","volume":"51","author":"Ly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000660","article-title":"Adipose tissue insulin action and IL-6 signaling after exercise in obese mice","volume":"47","author":"Macpherson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2017.08.007","article-title":"Pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"22","author":"Manne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3253fje","article-title":"A ligand of the CD36 scavenger receptor, protects apolipoprotein E-deficient mice from developing atherosclerotic lesions","volume":"19","author":"Marleau","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.892224","article-title":"Regular exercise training prevents aortic valve disease in low-density lipoprotein-receptor-deficient mice","volume":"121","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2014.2457","article-title":"Exercise effects on polyp burden and immune markers in the ApcMin\/+ mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis","volume":"45","author":"McClellan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes21096","article-title":"Healthy versus unhealthy adipose tissue expansion: The role of exercise","volume":"31","author":"Meister","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Obes. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-15-1061","article-title":"The effect of exercise training on mediators of inflammation in breast cancer survivors: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Meneses-Ech\u00e1vez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.008","article-title":"Macrophage activation and polarization: Nomenclature and experimental guidelines","volume":"41","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309194","article-title":"Abandoning M1\/M2 for a network model of macrophage function","volume":"119","author":"Nahrendorf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013764","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013764","article-title":"Sixteen-week physical activity intervention in subjects with increased cardiometabolic risk shifts innate immune function towards a less proinflammatory state","volume":"8","author":"Noz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011110-130138","article-title":"Alternative macrophage activation and metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Odegaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20402","article-title":"Acute exercise induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization in diet-induced obese rats","volume":"21","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes. (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8917804","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8917804","article-title":"Macrophage polarization in chronic inflammatory diseases: Killers or builders?","volume":"2018","author":"Parisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E695","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00482.2018","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fiber type-selective effects of acute exercise on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in insulin-resistant, high-fat-fed rats","volume":"316","author":"Pataky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00579","article-title":"Dynamic aspects of macrophage polarization during atherosclerosis progression and regression","volume":"5","author":"Peled","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00063.2017","article-title":"Mechanisms of insulin action and insulin resistance","volume":"98","author":"Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24824","DOI":"10.3402\/pba.v4.24824","article-title":"An immunohistochemical approach for monitoring effects of exercise on tumor stromal cells in old mice","volume":"4","author":"Pettan-Brewer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathobiol. Aging Age Relat. Dis."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2013.807244","article-title":"Chronic mild stress facilitates melanoma tumor growth in mouse lines selected for high and low stress-induced analgesia","volume":"16","author":"Ragan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.07.001","article-title":"Aging-related effects of bed rest followed by eccentric exercise rehabilitation on skeletal muscle macrophages and insulin sensitivity","volume":"107","author":"Reidy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1080\/00365513.2017.1346823","article-title":"Effects of lifestyle intervention on soluble CD163, a macrophage activation marker, in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"77","author":"R\u00f8dgaard-Hansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816460","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/816460","article-title":"Understanding the mysterious M2 macrophage through activation markers and effector mechanisms","volume":"2015","author":"R\u0151szer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00409","article-title":"Aerobic exercise attenuates acute lung injury through NET inhibition","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-1995-y","article-title":"Macrophage polarization in pathology","volume":"72","author":"Sica","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2016015920","article-title":"Macrophage polarization: Implications on metabolic diseases and the role of exercise","volume":"26","author":"Silveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.08.011","article-title":"Acute changes in lipoprotein subclasses during exercise","volume":"63","author":"S\u00f8ndergaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2019.06.005","article-title":"Obesity-associated extracellular matrix remodeling promotes a macrophage phenotype similar to tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"189","author":"Springer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0670fje","article-title":"Exercise and IL-6 infusion inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production in humans","volume":"17","author":"Starkie","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2012.24","article-title":"Low macrophage accumulation in skeletal muscle of obese type 2 diabetics and elderly subjects","volume":"20","author":"Tam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes. (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.274","article-title":"A 12-week aerobic exercise program reduces hepatic fat accumulation and insulin resistance in obese, Hispanic adolescents","volume":"18","author":"van der Heijden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obes. (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112220","article-title":"Macrophages: Development and tissue specialization","volume":"33","author":"Varol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0152-6","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of human adipose tissue identifies depot and disease specific cell types","volume":"2","author":"Vijay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.08.012","article-title":"Energy-matched moderate and high intensity exercise training improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease risk independent of changes in body mass or abdominal adiposity - a randomized trial","volume":"78","author":"Winn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007725","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007725","article-title":"Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease","volume":"7","author":"Winzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000286","article-title":"Obesity and tumor growth: Inflammation, immunity, and the role of a ketogenic diet","volume":"19","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116896","article-title":"Physical exercise inhibits atherosclerosis development by regulating the expression of neuropeptide Y in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"237","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.002","article-title":"Low-intensity exercise enhances expression of markers of alternative activation in circulating leukocytes: Roles of PPAR\u03b3 and Th2 cytokines","volume":"212","author":"Yakeu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.29836","article-title":"Elevated cd163+\/cd68+ ratio at tumor invasive front is closely associated with aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.229","article-title":"Emerging role of adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"33","author":"Ye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond)"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-013-0262-6","article-title":"Mechanisms of insulin resistance in obesity","volume":"7","author":"Ye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1586\/17446651.3.1.9","article-title":"Role of adipose hypoxia in endocrine alterations: A possible new anti-inflammatory therapeutic target in obesity?","volume":"3","author":"Ye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401024","article-title":"Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase regulates IL-10-mediated anti-inflammatory signaling pathways in macrophages","volume":"194","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1061353\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T12:48:37Z","timestamp":1684414117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1061353\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2023.1061353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1061353","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"article-number":"1061353"}}