{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:41:38Z","timestamp":1792086098022,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uremic toxins are chemicals, organic or inorganic, that accumulate in the body fluids of individuals with acute or chronic kidney disease and impaired renal function. More than 130 uremic solutions are included in the most comprehensive reviews to date by the European Uremic Toxins Work Group, and novel investigations are ongoing to increase this number. Although approaches to remove uremic toxins have emerged, recalcitrant toxins that injure the human body remain a difficult problem. Herein, we review the derivation and elimination of uremic toxins, outline kidney\u2013gut axis function and relative toxin removal methods, and elucidate promising approaches to effectively remove toxins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1123182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T07:59:18Z","timestamp":1692172758000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Derivation and elimination of uremic toxins from kidney-gut axis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Di","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Xuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-Rui","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Li","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Lu","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Yong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-2952(99)00132-x","article-title":"Accumulation of alpha-oxoaldehydes during oxidative stress: a role in cytotoxicity","volume":"58","author":"Abordo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000365217","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate induces IL-6 expression in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells through OAT3-mediated uptake and activation of AhR\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"128","author":"Adelibieke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephron Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7100365","article-title":"AST-120 reduces neuroinflammation induced by indoxyl sulfate in glial cells","volume":"7","author":"Adesso","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.07.130","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, promotes cell senescence in aorta of hypertensive rats","volume":"399","author":"Adijiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulation of tryptophan metabolism in health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Agus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Host Mi-crobe"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2009.00575.x","article-title":"The general picture of uremia","volume":"22","author":"Almeras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014030288","article-title":"Gut bacteria products prevent AKI induced by ischemia-reperfusion","volume":"26","author":"Andrade-Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"S72","article-title":"Emodiafiltrazione con reinfusione endogena (HFR) (Hemodiafiltration with endogenous reinfusion)","volume":"29","author":"Aucella","year":"2012","journal-title":"G. Ital. Nefrol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03226377","article-title":"Hepatic microsomal metabolism of indole to indoxyl, a precursor of indoxyl sulfate","volume":"26","author":"Banoglu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03980609","article-title":"Serum indoxyl sulfate is associated with vascular disease and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"4","author":"Barreto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq543","article-title":"Removal of uraemic retention solutes in standard bicarbonate haemodialysis and long-hour slow-flow bicarbonate haemodialysis","volume":"26","author":"Basile","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.541","article-title":"Hemodiafiltration: clinical evidence and remaining questions","volume":"77","author":"Blankestijn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012030223","article-title":"Effects of phosphate binders in moderate CKD","volume":"23","author":"Block","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1039\/d2tb02386e","article-title":"Assembly of chemically modified protein nanocages into 3D materials for the adsorption of uremic toxins","volume":"11","author":"B\u00f6hler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater Chem. B"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"gin\/33.3.8","article-title":"Quality of life of hemodialysis patients in Central and Southern Italy: cross-sectional comparison between Hemodiafiltration with endogenous reinfusion (HFR) and Bicarbonate Hemodialysis. Qualit\u00e0 della vita dei pazienti in emodialisi nel centro-sud Italia: confronto tra Emodiafiltrazione a reinfusione endogena (HFR) e Bicarbonato Dialisi","volume":"33","author":"Borrelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"G. Ital. Nefrol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.07607.x","article-title":"Adsorption in hemodialysis","volume":"76","author":"Botella","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab244","article-title":"Plasmatic hippuric acid as a hallmark of frailty in an Italian cohort: the mediation effect of fruit-vegetable intake","volume":"76","author":"Brunelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.024","article-title":"The long-term genetic stability and individual specificity of the human gut microbiome","volume":"184","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2014.02.005","article-title":"The peptidic middle molecules: is molecular weight doing the trick?","volume":"34","author":"Chmielewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1159\/000502331","article-title":"Uremic toxins and their relation to dialysis efficacy","volume":"48","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000567","article-title":"Charcoal for the management of pruritus and uremic toxins in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"29","author":"Cupisti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcy260","article-title":"Simplified colonic dialysis with hemodialysis solutions delays the progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"112","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qjm"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008111205","article-title":"Bicarbonate supplementation slows progression of CKD and improves nutritional status","volume":"20","author":"de Brito-Ashurst","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101466","article-title":"Hippuric acid: could became a barometer for frailty and geriatric syndromes?","volume":"72","author":"De Simone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.10.021","article-title":"Modulation of a circulating uremic solute via rational genetic manipulation of the gut microbiota","volume":"20","author":"Devlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Host Microbe"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.250","article-title":"Water transport across the peritoneal membrane","volume":"85","author":"Devuyst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00399.x","article-title":"The uremic solutes p-cresol and indoxyl sulfate inhibit endothelial proliferation and wound repair","volume":"65","author":"Dou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.t01-1-00651.x","article-title":"P-cresol, a uremic toxin, decreases endothelial cell response to inflammatory cytokines","volume":"62","author":"Dou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3841","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.68.8.3841-3847.2002","article-title":"Oxalobacter formigenes and its potential role in human health","volume":"68","author":"Duncan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011121175","article-title":"Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins","volume":"23","author":"Duranton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040805","article-title":"The effect of \u00df-glucan prebiotic on kidney function, uremic toxins and gut microbiome in stage 3 to 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) predialysis participants: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Ebrahim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2012.01107.x","article-title":"A sad but forgotten truth: the story of slow-moving solutes in fast hemodialysis","volume":"25","author":"Eloot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2013.00202","article-title":"Removal of different classes of uremic toxins in apd vs capd: a ran-domized cross-over study","volume":"35","author":"Eloot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.402","article-title":"Uremic toxins originating from colonic microbial metabolism","volume":"76","author":"Evenepoel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"299","article-title":"Effect of hemodiafiltration combined with hemoperfusion in the treatment ofuremia and its effect on biochemical indices","volume":"43","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nongken Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0433-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-021-09913-4","article-title":"Dimethylamine enhances platelet hyperactivity in chronic kidney disease model","volume":"53","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1159\/000492378","article-title":"Removal of bilirubin with a new adsorbent system: in vitro kinetics","volume":"47","author":"Gemelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12448","article-title":"Practice trends in the use of extracorporeal treatments for poisoning in four countries","volume":"29","author":"Ghannoum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818540-7.00015-X","article-title":"Chapter 6 - uremic toxins: an integrated overview of classification and pathobiology","volume-title":"Nutritional management of renal disease","author":"Glassock","year":"2022"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00600207","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of lactic acid bacteria for idiopathic hyperoxaluria","volume":"2","author":"Goldfarb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2011.02.006","article-title":"High cut-off dialysis membranes: current uses and future potential","volume":"18","author":"Gondouin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.313","article-title":"Dietary acid reduction with fruits and vegetables or bicarbonate attenuates kidney injury in patients with a moderately reduced glomerular filtration rate due to hypertensive nephropathy","volume":"81","author":"Goraya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.4103\/ijn.IJN_71_17","article-title":"Role of gut-derived uremic toxins on oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"27","author":"Gouroju","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Nephrol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12090590","article-title":"Gut-derived protein-bound uremic toxins","volume":"12","author":"Graboski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.01.028","article-title":"Gut microbiota generation of protein-bound uremic toxins and related metabolites is not altered at different stages of chronic kidney disease","volume":"97","author":"Gryp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9020052","article-title":"p-Cresyl Sulfate","volume":"9","author":"Gryp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9509-5","article-title":"Effects of synbiotics and probiotics supplementation on serum levels of endotoxin, heat shock protein 70 antibodies and inflammatory markers in hemodialysis patients: A randomized double-blinded controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Haghighat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11882","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27845","article-title":"Influence of colonic dialysis using Gubenxiezhuo on the distribution of gut microflora in uremia rats","volume":"234","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1159\/000189334","article-title":"Inhibition of the accumulation of uremic toxins in the blood and their precursors in the feces after oral administration of Lebenin\u00ae, a lactic acid bacteria preparation, to uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"74","author":"Hida","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-199703001-00009","article-title":"Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis","volume":"6","author":"Hill","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"B158","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Chronic kidney disease, dialysis, and transplantation : companion to Brenner & Rector\u2019s the kidney","author":"Himmelfarb","year":"2011"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.22.011602.092259","article-title":"How host-microbial interactions shape the nutrient environment of the mammalian intestine","volume":"22","author":"Hooper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010083","article-title":"Resveratrol butyrate ester protects adenine-treated rats against hypertension and kidney disease by regulating the gut-kidney Axis","volume":"11","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7353","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c01547","article-title":"Preventive effects of Lactobacillus mixture against chronic kidney disease progression through enhancement of beneficial bacteria and downregulation of gut-derived uremic toxins","volume":"69","author":"Huang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2021.03.001","article-title":"An oral absorbent, AST-120, restores vascular growth and blood flow in ischemic muscles in diabetic mice via modulation of macrophage transition","volume":"155","author":"Huang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e117","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2019.34.e117","article-title":"Predictive factors for efficacy of AST-120 treatment in diabetic nephropathy: a pro-spective single-arm, open-label, multi-center study","volume":"34","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00382.x","article-title":"Biotransformation of monoterpenes, bile acids, and other isoprenoids in anaerobic ecosystems","volume":"22","author":"Hylemon","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111901","article-title":"Eucommia ulmoides (Tochu) and its extract geniposidic acid reduced blood pressure and improved renal hemodynamics","volume":"141","author":"Ishimitsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-5929-3","article-title":"Protein-bound uremic toxins in hemodialysis patients measured by liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry and their effects on endothelial ROS production","volume":"403","author":"Itoh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01092","article-title":"Rhubarb enema improved colon mucosal barrier injury in 5\/6 nephrectomy rats may associate with gut microbiota modification","volume":"11","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B62","first-page":"21","article-title":"Effects of urea loading in patients with far-advanced renal failure","volume":"47","author":"Johnson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12348","article-title":"Dietary restrictions in dialysis patients: is there anything left to eat?","volume":"28","author":"Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071931","article-title":"Plant-dominant low-protein diet for conservative management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"12","author":"Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12414","article-title":"Reduced protein bound uraemic toxins in vegetarian kidney failure patients treated by haemodiafiltration","volume":"20","author":"Kandouz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1159\/000491744","article-title":"Mortality effects of prolonged hemoperfusion therapy using a polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column for patients with septic shock: a sub-analysis of the desire trial","volume":"46","author":"Kawazoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"B67","first-page":"201","article-title":"Effect of plasma protein binding, volume of distribution and molecular weight on the fraction of drugs eliminated by hemodialysis","volume":"19","author":"Keller","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-019-0343-x","article-title":"Effects of fermentable high fiber diet supplementation on gut derived and conventional nitrogenous product in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Khosroshahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. (Lond)"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw310","article-title":"Performance of hemodialysis with novel medium cut-off dialyzers","volume":"32","author":"Kirsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12730","article-title":"Haemodiafiltration at increased plasma ionic strength for improved protein-bound toxin removal","volume":"219","author":"Krieter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. (Oxf)."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199732010-00002","article-title":"Principles of drug administration in renal insufficiency","volume":"32","author":"Lam","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13020091","article-title":"Intestinal chelators, sorbants, and gut-derived uremic toxins","volume":"13","author":"Laville","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002826","article-title":"Treatment outcome of combined continuous venovenous hemofiltration and hemoperfusion in acute paraquat poisoning: a prospective controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.12.018","article-title":"Improved dialysis removal of protein-bound uremic toxins by salvianolic acids","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9091252","article-title":"The AST-120 recovers uremic toxin-induced cognitive deficit via NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in astrocytes and microglia","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91722-1","article-title":"Colonic dialysis can influence gut flora to protect renal function in patients with pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp592","article-title":"Free p-cresylsulphate is a predictor of mortality in patients at different stages of chronic kidney disease","volume":"25","author":"Liabeuf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-019-9105-8","article-title":"Development of bacteria as diagnostics and therapeutics by genetic engineering","volume":"57","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10090367","article-title":"Impacts of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate on chronic kidney disease and mitigating effects of AST-120","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.792777","article-title":"Quercetin attenuates podocyte apoptosis of diabetic nephropathy through targeting EGFR sig-naling","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.111879","article-title":"Fabrication of a novel nitrogen-containing porous carbon adsorbent for pro-tein-bound uremic toxins removal","volume":"121","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater Sci. Eng. C Mater Biol. Appl."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0144726","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144726","article-title":"Rhubarb enema attenuates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in 5\/6 nephrectomized rats by alleviating indoxyl sulfate overload","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B83","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Management of volume depletion and established acute renal failure. Therapy in nephrology and hypertension","author":"Luft","year":"2008"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01430-7","article-title":"Signaling pathways in vascular function and hypertension: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05240418","article-title":"Removal of protein-bound uremic toxins during hemodialysis using a binding competitor","volume":"14","author":"Madero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13040246","article-title":"Uremic toxins and blood purification: a review of current evidence and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Magnani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03150318","article-title":"Characteristics of colon-derived uremic solutes","volume":"13","author":"Mair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-013-0054-y","article-title":"Hyperphosphataemia: treatment options","volume":"73","author":"Malberti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2012.01081.x","article-title":"Role of advanced glycation endproducts and potential therapeutic interventions in dialysis patients","volume":"25","author":"Mallipattu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7100315","article-title":"Supplementation of short-chain fatty acid, sodium propionate, in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: beneficial effects on inflammatory parameters and gut-derived uremic toxins, A pilot study (plan study)","volume":"7","author":"Marzocco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.128504","article-title":"Fecal butyrate levels vary widely among individuals but are usually increased by a diet high in resistant starch","volume":"141","author":"McOrist","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1159\/000330176","article-title":"Reduction in protein-bound solutes unacceptable as marker of dialysis efficacy during alternate-night nocturnal hemodialysis","volume":"34","author":"Meijers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071313","volume":"357","author":"Meyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urem. N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.02.011","article-title":"Evaluation of the impact of gut microbiota on uremic solute accumulation by a CE-TOFMS-based metabolomics approach","volume":"92","author":"Mishima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B95","first-page":"S15","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate increases the gene expressions of TGF-beta 1, TIMP-1 and pro-alpha 1(I) collagen in uremic rat kidneys","volume":"62","author":"Miyazaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657827","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.657827","article-title":"Microbiome-Metabolomics analysis reveals the protection mechanism of \u03b1-ketoacid on ade-nine-induced chronic kidney disease in rats","volume":"12","author":"Mo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B97","first-page":"841","article-title":"A resin artificial kidney","volume":"33","author":"Muirhead","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S287237","article-title":"Pharmacological actions of indoxyl sulfate and AST-120 that should Be recognized for the strategic treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Nagata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol. Renov. Dis."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51292-9","article-title":"AST-120, an oral carbon absorbent, protects against the progression of atherosclerosis in a mouse chronic renal failure model by preserving sFlt-1 expression levels","volume":"9","author":"Nakada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(03)00905-3","article-title":"K\/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease","volume":"42","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-012-0258-1","article-title":"An update on uremic toxins","volume":"45","author":"Neirynck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000507912","article-title":"A combination of hemodialysis with hemoperfusion helped to reduce the cardiovascular-related mortality rate after a 3-year follow-up: a pilot study in Vietnam","volume":"50","author":"Nguyen Huu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/6.2.105","article-title":"Oral sorbent suppresses accumulation of albumin-bound indoxyl sulphate in serum of haemodialysis patients","volume":"6","author":"Niwa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"B104","first-page":"96","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate, a circulating uremic toxin, stimulates the progression of glomerular sclerosis","volume":"124","author":"Niwa","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12238","article-title":"Available extracorporeal treatments for poisoning: overview and limitations","volume":"27","author":"Ouellet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7577","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-015-1921-1","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics-a review","volume":"52","author":"Pandey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02570607","article-title":"Removal of the protein-bound solutes indican and p-cresol sulfate by peri-toneal dialysis","volume":"3","author":"Pham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20123094","article-title":"Mitochondria as a source and a target for uremic toxins","volume":"20","author":"Popkov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.09.027","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiome in uremia: a potential therapeutic target","volume":"67","author":"Ramezani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. kidney Dis. official J. Natl. Kidney Found."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013080905","article-title":"The gut microbiome, kidney disease, and targeted interventions","volume":"25","author":"Ramezani","year":"","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013080905","article-title":"The gut microbiome, kidney disease, and targeted interventions","volume":"25","author":"Ramezani","year":"","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792139","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.792139","article-title":"Natural flavonoid pectolinarigenin alleviated hyperuricemic nephropathy via suppressing tgf\u03b2\/SMAD3 and JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathways","volume":"12","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12264","article-title":"Low-protein diet for conservative management of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Rhee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200746110-00001","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic considerations in clinical toxicology: clinical applications","volume":"46","author":"Roberts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12030170","article-title":"Efficacy of divinylbenzenic resin in removing indoxyl sulfate and P-cresol sulfate in hemodialysis patients: results from an in vitro study and an in vivo pilot trial (xuanro4-Nature 3.2)","volume":"12","author":"Rocchetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.03.015","article-title":"Dietary protein-fiber ratio associates with circulating levels of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate in chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"25","author":"Rossi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc Dis."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673631","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/673631","article-title":"Pre-pro-and synbiotics: do they have a role in reducing uremic toxins? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2012","author":"Rossi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1445-8","article-title":"Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components","volume":"57","author":"Rowland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2016.57.4.942","article-title":"AST-120 improves microvascular endothelial dysfunction in end-stage renal disease patients receiving hemodialysis","volume":"57","author":"Ryu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fiy125","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiy125","article-title":"Identification of phenol- and p-cresol-producing intestinal bacteria by using media supplemented with tyrosine and its metabolites","volume":"94","author":"Saito","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10010019","article-title":"Impact of the oral adsorbent AST-120 on organ-specific accumulation of uremic toxins: LC-MS\/MS and MS imaging techniques","volume":"10","author":"Sato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4185","article-title":"Signals from the gut microbiota to distant organs in physiology and disease","volume":"22","author":"Schroeder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S41339","article-title":"AST-120 for the management of progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"7","author":"Schulman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol. Renov. Dis."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2019.110725","article-title":"Improving the clearance of protein-bound uremic toxins using cationic liposomes as an ad-sorbent in dialysate","volume":"186","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020215","article-title":"Dietary advanced glycation end products: digestion, metabolism and modulation of gut mi-crobial ecology","volume":"11","author":"Snelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3109\/10731198709118517","article-title":"Our experience with combined hemodialysis-hemoperfusion treatment in chronic uremia","volume":"15","author":"Splendiani","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biomater. Artif. Cells Artif. Organs"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2077-y","article-title":"The effect of polymyxin B hemoperfusion on modulation of human leukocyte antigen DR in severe sepsis patients","volume":"22","author":"Srisawat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014101047","article-title":"Uremic toxicity of advanced glycation end products in CKD","volume":"27","author":"Stinghen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101364","article-title":"Intestinal phosphorus absorption in chronic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Stremke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676345","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.676345","article-title":"Efficacy of AST-120 for patients with chronic kidney disease: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft396","article-title":"Convective therapies versus low-flux hemodialysis for chronic kidney failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"28","author":"Susantitaphong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S142","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50104","article-title":"Bifidobacterium in gastro-resistant seamless capsule reduces serum levels of indoxyl sulfate in patients on hemodialysis","volume":"41","author":"Takayama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2004.09.028","article-title":"Beneficial effects of Bifidobacteria in a gastroresistant seamless capsule on hyperhomocyste-inemia in hemodialysis patients","volume":"15","author":"Taki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26847","DOI":"10.5812\/numonthly.26847","article-title":"Dialysate with high dissolved hydrogen facilitates dissociation of indoxyl sulfate from albumin","volume":"7","author":"Tange","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrourol. Mon."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020040411","article-title":"A randomized trial on the effect of phosphate reduction on vascular end points in CKD (IMPROVE-CKD)","volume":"31","author":"Toussaint","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00924.x","article-title":"Review on uremic toxins: classification, concentration, and interindividual vari-ability","volume":"63","author":"Vanholder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-0762-9","article-title":"What is new in uremic toxicity?","volume":"23","author":"Vanholder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.345","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease alters intestinal microbial flora","volume":"83","author":"Vaziri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000226","article-title":"Aquaporins in endothelia","volume":"69","author":"Verkman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.1834","article-title":"Albumin is the main plasma binding protein for indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate","volume":"34","author":"Viaene","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biopharm. Drug Dispos."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2014.0088","article-title":"The effect of probiotics on serum levels of cytokine and endotoxin in peritoneal dialysis patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.4077\/CJP.2018.BAH637","article-title":"Xueshuantong for injection ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in a rat model of streptozoto-cin-induced diabetes","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.050","article-title":"The flavonoid-rich fraction from rhizomes of Smilax glabra Roxb. ameliorates renal oxidative stress and inflammation in uric acid nephropathy rats through promoting uric acid excretion","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319766","article-title":"Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B145","first-page":"e14","article-title":"Decoding microbial genomes to understand their functional roles in human complex diseases","volume-title":"iMeta.","author":"Wang","year":""},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38427-3","article-title":"Efficient selective removal of uremic toxin precursor by olefin-linked covalent organic frameworks for nephropathy treatment","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq580","article-title":"p-Cresyl sulphate and indoxyl sulphate predict progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.3.1107","article-title":"Creatine and creatinine metabolism","volume":"80","author":"Wyss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12961","article-title":"Adsorption of protein-bound uremic toxins through direct hemoperfusion with hexadecyl-immobilized cellulose beads in patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"42","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy172","article-title":"Intestinal barrier disruption and dysregulated mucosal immunity contribute to kidney fibrosis in chronic kidney disease","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002063","article-title":"Superior dialytic clearance of beta2 microglobulin and p-cresol by high-flux hemodialysis as compared to peritoneal dialysis","volume":"71","author":"Yoshida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741801","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.741801","article-title":"Transcriptome-based network analysis reveals hirudin potentiates anti-renal fibrosis ef-ficacy in UUO rats","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.11.046","article-title":"Decreased expression of klotho gene in uremic atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"391","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1159\/000484115","article-title":"Comparison of quality of life in patients undergoing hemodi-alysis and peritoneal dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Zazzeroni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.003","article-title":"Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin-22","volume":"39","author":"Zelante","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.706617","article-title":"Astragalus polysaccharide reduces blood pressure, renal damage, and dysfunction through the TGF-\u03b21-ILK pathway","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0075922","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00759-22","article-title":"Gut microbiota mediates the protective effects of traditional Chinese medicine formula qiong-yu-gao against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"10","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1123182\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T07:59:28Z","timestamp":1692172768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1123182\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"references-count":157,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2023.1123182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1123182","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"article-number":"1123182"}}