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Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> With an increasing number of patients experiencing infertility due to chronic salpingitis after <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> (CT) infection, there is an unmet need for tissue repair or regeneration therapies. Treatment with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (hucMSC-EV) provides an attractive cell-free therapeutic approach.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> In this study, we investigated the alleviating effect of hucMSC-EV on tubal inflammatory infertility caused by CT using <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> animal experiments. Furthermore, we examined the effect of hucMSC-EV on inducing macrophage polarization to explore the molecular mechanism.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Our results showed that tubal inflammatory infertility caused by <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> infection was significantly alleviated in the hucMSC-EV treatment group compared with the control group. Further mechanistic experiments showed that the application of hucMSC-EV induced macrophage polarization from the M1 to the M2 type <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway, improved the local inflammatory microenvironment of fallopian tubes and inhibited tube inflammation.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> We conclude that this approach represents a promising cell-free avenue to ameliorate infertility due to chronic salpingitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1131701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T04:52:57Z","timestamp":1676523177000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells derived extracellular vesicles alleviate salpingitis by promoting M1\u2013to\u2013M2 transformation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Changlin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weizhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxiong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haohui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaohua","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiehong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xunzhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juntong","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingran","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Y. 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