{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:09:55Z","timestamp":1790813395168,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31871154 91849120 32271155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31871154 91849120 32271155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C2020206025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C2020206025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> Melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyl-tryptamine) is a circadian hormone synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland. In addition to regulating circadian rhythms of many physiological functions, melatonin is involved in regulating autonomic nervous function and blood pressure. Hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus (PVN), receiving melatonin projections from the superchiasmatic nucleus, is a critical brain region to regulate neuroendocrine and cardiovascular function. Here, we determined the synaptic mechanisms involved in the effect of melatonin on the sympathetic outflow and blood pressure.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods and Results:<\/jats:bold> Microinjection of melatonin into the PVN produced a depressor effect and decreased renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). While microinjection of luzindole, a non-selective melatonin receptor antagonist, into the PVN did not change melatonin-induced sympathoinhibition, GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub> receptor antagonist bicuculline eliminated melatonin-induced sympathoinhibition. Furthermore, melatonin decreased firing rate of retrogradely labeled PVN neurons which project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), an effect was not altered by luzindole but eliminated by bicuculline. Melatonin significantly increased the amplitude of spontaneous and evoked GABAergic inhibitory synaptic currents, as well as GABA-induced currents.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> These data suggest that melatonin in the PVN suppresses sympathetic vasomotor tone through enhancing GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub> receptor activity. This study provides novel information for understanding the cellular mechanisms involved in the effect of melatonin on regulating blood pressure and sympathetic output.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1166246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T05:52:40Z","timestamp":1680069160000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Melatonin suppresses sympathetic vasomotor tone through enhancing GABAA receptor activity in the hypothalamus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qiyao","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiru","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De-Pei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9149(99)00112-5","article-title":"Effects of melatonin on vascular reactivity, catecholamine levels, and blood pressure in healthy men","volume":"83","author":"Arangino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03345555","article-title":"Melatonin and nitric oxide","volume":"29","author":"Aydogan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079x.1996.tb00260.x","article-title":"Melatonin reduces nitric oxide synthase activity in rat hypothalamus","volume":"20","author":"Bettahi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0633.2002.290402.x","article-title":"Scavenging effect of melatonin on hydroxyl radicals generated by alloxan","volume":"29","author":"Bromme","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00575.x","article-title":"Anatomical and functional demonstration of a multisynaptic suprachiasmatic nucleus adrenal (cortex) pathway","volume":"11","author":"Buijs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20040","article-title":"Dual viral transneuronal tracing of central autonomic circuits involved in the innervation of the two kidneys in rat","volume":"471","author":"Cano","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.1331","article-title":"Characterization of the central nervous system innervation of the rat spleen using viral transneuronal tracing","volume":"439","author":"Cano","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1231","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00028.2003","article-title":"Responses to GABA-A receptor blockade in the hypothalamic PVN are attenuated by local AT1 receptor antagonism","volume":"285","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-8993(97)00188-1","article-title":"Melatonin administration protects CA1 hippocampal neurons after transient forebrain ischemia in rats","volume":"755","author":"Cho","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1159\/000139083","article-title":"Melatonin decreases brain serotonin release, arterial pressure and heart rate in rats","volume":"47","author":"Chuang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(88)90781-2","article-title":"Melatonin enhancement of [3H]-gamma-aminobutyric acid and [3H]muscimol binding in rat brain","volume":"37","author":"Coloma","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2004.029041","article-title":"A role for the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the autonomic control of heart and kidney","volume":"90","author":"Coote","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02235.x","article-title":"Control of sympathetic outflows by the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus","volume":"25","author":"Coote","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1283","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2001.281.4.R1283","article-title":"Glutamate and GABA mediate suprachiasmatic nucleus inputs to spinal-projecting paraventricular neurons","volume":"281","author":"Cui","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B15","first-page":"997","article-title":"Effects of microinjection of melatonin and its receptor antagonists into anterior hypothalamic area on blood pressure and heart rate in rats","volume":"22","author":"Ding","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.03.035","article-title":"Involvement of the nitric oxide in melatonin-mediated protection against injury","volume":"200","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7178","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cp02801k","article-title":"On the direct scavenging activity of melatonin towards hydroxyl and a series of peroxyl radicals","volume":"13","author":"Galano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00916.x","article-title":"Melatonin as a natural ally against oxidative stress: A physicochemical examination","volume":"51","author":"Galano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200108000-00004","article-title":"Vasorelaxant effects of the chronic treatment with melatonin on mesenteric artery and aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"19","author":"Girouard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2004.06.009","article-title":"Treatment by -acetylcysteine and melatonin increases cardiac baroreflex and improves antioxidant reserve","volume":"17","author":"Girouard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2215","article-title":"Neurons and networks in daily rhythms","volume":"8","author":"Herzog","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5236.644","article-title":"Central command neurons of the sympathetic nervous system: Basis of the fight-or-flight response","volume":"270","author":"Jansen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B23","first-page":"19","article-title":"Impaired nocturnal melatonin secretion in non-dipper hypertensive patients","volume":"12","author":"Jonas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood Press"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00202.x","article-title":"Melatonin sees the light: Blocking GABA-ergic transmission in the paraventricular nucleus induces daytime secretion of melatonin","volume":"12","author":"Kalsbeek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1975.tb05878.x","article-title":"Plasma renin activity and in vitro synthesis of aldosterone by the adrenal glands of rats with spontaneous, renal, or pinealectomy-induced hypertension","volume":"94","author":"Karppanen","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.3109\/10641968709160037","article-title":"Antihypertensive action of melatonin in the spontaneously hypertensive rat","volume":"9","author":"Kawashima","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens. A"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S373","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.933436","article-title":"Effect of melatonin on blood pressure and nitric oxide generation in rats with metabolic syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Klimentova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.fp0060380","article-title":"Vascular reactivity to various vasoconstrictor agents and endothelium-dependent relaxations of rat thoracic aorta in the long-term period of pinealectomy","volume":"101","author":"Kurcer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/s0895-7061(97)00401-9","article-title":"Impaired basal sympathetic tone and alpha1-adrenergic responsiveness in association with the hypotensive effect of melatonin in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"11","author":"Laflamme","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04029.x","article-title":"Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity by N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine, a brain metabolite of melatonin","volume":"98","author":"Leon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00540.2002","article-title":"Nitric oxide inhibits spinally projecting paraventricular neurons through potentiation of presynaptic GABA release","volume":"88","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10690","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2141-17.2017","article-title":"CaMKII regulates synaptic NMDA receptor activity of hypothalamic presympathetic neurons and sympathetic outflow in hypertension","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3940(01)01558-0","article-title":"Melatonin modulates gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptor-mediated currents on isolated carp retinal neurons","volume":"301","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-4522(03)00042-3","article-title":"Nitric oxide inhibits the firing activity of hypothalamic paraventricular neurons that innervate the medulla oblongata: Role of GABA","volume":"118","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9996","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189996","article-title":"Melatonin and phytomelatonin: Chemistry, biosynthesis, metabolism, distribution and bioactivity in plants and animals-an overview","volume":"22","author":"Mannino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2006.00384.x","article-title":"Melatonin and anesthesia: A clinical perspective","volume":"42","author":"Naguib","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1439-6","article-title":"Melatonin receptors: Distribution in mammalian brain and their respective putative functions","volume":"222","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5952-4_24","article-title":"Melatonin interaction with the benzodiazepine-GABA receptor complex in the CNS","volume":"294","author":"Niles","year":"1991","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079x.1999.tb00611.x","article-title":"Melatonin and its precursors scavenge nitric oxide","volume":"27","author":"Noda","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.01.035","article-title":"The effect of N-acetylcysteine and melatonin in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats with established hypertension","volume":"561","author":"Pechanova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"PL271","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(94)00666-0","article-title":"Melatonin: A peroxyl radical scavenger more effective than vitamin E","volume":"55","author":"Pieri","year":"1994","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-4522(00)00283-9","article-title":"Identification of branching paraventricular neurons of the hypothalamus that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla and spinal cord","volume":"100","author":"Pyner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2005.00261.x","article-title":"Melatonin as an antioxidant: Physiology versus pharmacology","volume":"39","author":"Reiter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00965","article-title":"Coordination of circadian timing in mammals","volume":"418","author":"Reppert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S283","DOI":"10.1097\/01.fjc.0000166275.32421.c6","article-title":"Neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity in the paraventricular nucleus buffers central endothelin-1- induced pressor response and vasopressin secretion","volume":"44","author":"Rossi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc Pharmacol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.930664","article-title":"Protective effects of melatonin on myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion induced infarct size and oxidative changes","volume":"54","author":"Sahna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(86)90092-3","article-title":"The inhibitory action of melatonin on the contractile response to 5-hydroxytryptamine in various isolated vascular smooth muscles","volume":"17","author":"Satake","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gen. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2003.078","article-title":"Cardiovascular control by the suprachiasmatic nucleus: Neural and neuroendocrine mechanisms in human and rat","volume":"384","author":"Scheer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000113293.15186.3b","article-title":"Daily nighttime melatonin reduces blood pressure in male patients with essential hypertension","volume":"43","author":"Scheer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B50","first-page":"898","article-title":"Oxidative damage in the liver induced by ischemia-reperfusion: Protection by melatonin","volume":"43","author":"Sewerynek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2007.00436.x","article-title":"Melatonin as a potential antihypertensive treatment","volume":"42","author":"Simko","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079x.1998.tb00558.x","article-title":"Ischemia\/reperfusion-induced arrhythmias in the isolated rat heart: Prevention by melatonin","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19981101)54:3<382:AID-JNR9>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Melatonin protects hippocampal neurons in vivo against kainic acid-induced damage in mice","volume":"54","author":"Tan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"B54","first-page":"311","article-title":"Origin of cerebrospinal fluid melatonin and possible function in the integration of photoperiod","volume":"61","author":"Tricoire","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reprod. Suppl."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.04611404","article-title":"NMR and molecular dynamics studies of the interaction of melatonin with calmodulin","volume":"13","author":"Turjanski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03350417","article-title":"Elevated blood pressure after pinealectomy in the rat","volume":"2","author":"Vaughan","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/8062","article-title":"Differential modulation of GABAA receptor function by Mel1a and Mel1b receptors","volume":"2","author":"Wan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/s0091-3057(02)01045-6","article-title":"The GABA(A) receptor mediates the hypnotic activity of melatonin in rats","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3940(98)00983-5","article-title":"Melatonin potentiates the GABA(A) receptor-mediated current in cultured chick spinal cord neurons","volume":"260","author":"Wu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21152","article-title":"Distribution of MT1 melatonin receptor immunoreactivity in the human hypothalamus and pituitary gland: Colocalization of MT1 with vasopressin, oxytocin, and corticotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"499","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000711","article-title":"Infusion of melatonin into the paraventricular nucleus ameliorates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc Pharmacol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(67)90043-4","article-title":"Experimental hypertension in pinealectomized rats","volume":"6","author":"Zanoboni","year":"1967","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12162","article-title":"Melatonin: A well-documented antioxidant with conditional pro-oxidant actions","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R728","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1998.275.3.R728","article-title":"Effect of nitric oxide within the paraventricular nucleus on renal sympathetic nerve discharge: Role of GABA","volume":"275","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1166246\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T05:52:45Z","timestamp":1680069165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1166246\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2023.1166246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1166246","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"article-number":"1166246"}}