{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T06:57:03Z","timestamp":1778741823593,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003126","name":"Opetus-ja Kulttuuriministeri\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003126","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010114","name":"Yrj\u00f6 Jahnssonin S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010114","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004037","name":"Juho Vainion S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> A cold environment and exercise separately affect the autonomic nervous system (ANS), baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and blood pressure variability (BPV) but their combined effects on post-exercise recovery are not known. Our cross-over trial examined these responses following upper-body static and dynamic exercise performed in a cold and neutral environment in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> 20 patients with stable coronary artery disease performed both graded static (10%\u201330% of maximal voluntary contraction) and dynamic (light, moderate and high perceived intensity) upper-body exercise at \u221215\u00b0C and +22\u00b0C for 30\u00a0min. Electrocardiogram and continuous blood pressure were measured to compute post-exercise (10 and 30\u00a0min after exercise) spectral powers of heart rate (HR), blood pressure variability and BRS at low (0.04\u20130.15\u00a0Hz) and high (0.15\u20130.4\u00a0Hz) frequencies.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Static upper-body exercise performed in a cold environment increased post-exercise high frequency (HF) spectral power of heart rate (HF RR) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and reduced heart rate (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) and low-to-high frequency (LF\/HF) ratio (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.006) more than in a neutral environment. In addition, post-exercise mean BRS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.015) and high frequency BRS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.041) increased more following static exercise in the cold than in a neutral environment. Dynamic upper-body exercise performed in a cold environment reduced post-exercise HF BRS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.019) and systolic blood pressure (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.003).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Static upper-body exercise in the cold increased post-exercise BRS and overall vagal activity but without reduced systolic blood pressure. Dynamic upper-body exercise in the cold reduced post-exercise vagal BRS but did not affect the other parameters. The influence of cold exposure on post-exercise autonomic and cardiovascular responses following static upper-body exercise require further studies. This information helps understanding why persons with cardiovascular diseases are vulnerable to low environmental temperature. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02855905 (04\/08\/2016).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1184378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T06:01:20Z","timestamp":1697176880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Baroreflex sensitivity following acute upper-body exercise in the cold among stable coronary artery disease patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kalle","family":"Pikkarainen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasmus I. 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