{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:04:41Z","timestamp":1786719881659,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that occurs in approximately 15% of people as a result of some traumatic events. The main symptoms are re-experiencing and avoidance of everything related to this event and hyperarousal. The main component of the pathophysiology of PTSD is an imbalance in the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and development of neuroinflammation. In parallel with this, mitochondrial dysfunction is observed, as in many other diseases. In this review, we focus on the question how mitochondria may be involved in the development of neuroinflammation and its maintaining at PTSD. First, we describe the differences in the operation of the neuro-endocrine system during stress versus PTSD. We then show changes in the activity\/expression of mitochondrial proteins in PTSD and how they can affect the levels of hormones involved in PTSD development, as well as how mitochondrial damage\/pathogen-associated molecule patterns (DAMPs\/PAMPs) trigger development of inflammation. In addition, we examine the possibility of treating PTSD-related inflammation using mitochondria as a target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1222826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T05:53:42Z","timestamp":1698213222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Mitochondrial dysfunction as a possible trigger of neuroinflammation at post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tetiana R.","family":"Dmytriv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sviatoslav A.","family":"Tsiumpala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halyna M.","family":"Semchyshyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth B.","family":"Storey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volodymyr I.","family":"Lushchak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27318-1_4-1","article-title":"Steroid hormones: synthesis, secretion, and transport","volume-title":"Principles of endocrinology and hormone action","author":"Acconcia","year":"2016"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919973","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.919973","article-title":"Interleukin-18 cytokine in immunity, inflammation, and autoimmunity: biological role in induction, regulation, and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Amarachi Ihim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031869","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation in aging and Alzheimer's disease progression","volume":"24","author":"Andronie-Cioara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2013.03.011","article-title":"Prevalence and duration of PTSD in survivors 6 years after a natural disaster","volume":"27","author":"Arnberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701301","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.701301","article-title":"Caspase-9: a multimodal therapeutic target with diverse cellular expression in human disease","volume":"12","author":"Avrutsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402028","article-title":"Apoptosome: a platform for the activation of initiator caspases","volume":"14","author":"Bao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081851","article-title":"The expanding role of mitochondria, autophagy and lipophagy in steroidogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Bassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2022.106099","article-title":"The intracellular cholesterol pool in steroidogenic cells plays a role in basal steroidogenesis","volume":"220","author":"Bassi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.04.033","article-title":"No evidence for an association of posttraumatic stress disorder with circulating levels of CRP and IL-18 in a population-based study","volume":"63","author":"Baumert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12951","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12951","article-title":"NADPH oxidase activation in neutrophils: role of the phosphorylation of its subunits","volume":"48","author":"Belambri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usz260","article-title":"Novel pharmacological targets for combat PTSD\u2014metabolism, inflammation, the gut microbiome, and mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"185","author":"Bersani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.06.012","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA copy number is reduced in male combat veterans with PTSD","volume":"64","author":"Bersani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847310","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.847310","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of lipid signatures in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"13","author":"Bharti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15930-5","article-title":"PTSD is associated with neuroimmune suppression: evidence from PET imaging and postmortem transcriptomic studies","volume":"11","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e150452","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI150452","article-title":"Imaging brain cortisol regulation in PTSD with a target for 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1","volume":"131","author":"Bhatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investigation"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00302","article-title":"Identification of key genes and pathways in post-traumatic stress disorder using microarray analysis","volume":"10","author":"Bian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001","article-title":"Elevation of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity in Holocaust survivor offspring: evidence for an intergenerational effect of maternal trauma exposure","volume":"48","author":"Bierer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3740","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123740","article-title":"TSPO ligands promote cholesterol efflux and suppress oxidative stress and inflammation in choroidal endothelial cells","volume":"19","author":"Biswas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879021","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.879021","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome pathway: a review of mechanisms and inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases","volume":"14","author":"Blevins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25122857","article-title":"The similarities between human mitochondria and bacteria in the context of structure, genome, and base excision repair system","volume":"25","author":"Boguszewska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2006.8.4\/jbremner","article-title":"Traumatic stress: effects on the brain","volume":"8","author":"Bremner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-4530(02)00067-7","article-title":"Cortisol response to a cognitive stress challenge in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to childhood abuse","volume":"28","author":"Bremner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00032.2011","article-title":"Control of sleep and wakefulness","volume":"92","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx183","article-title":"Maternal lifetime stress and prenatal psychological functioning and decreased placental mitochondrial DNA copy number in the PRISM study","volume":"186","author":"Brunst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-4310(97)88908-3","article-title":"Lipocortin 1: a second messenger of glucocorticoid action in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis","volume":"3","author":"Buckingham","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Today"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001971","article-title":"A subset of five human mitochondrial formyl peptides mimics bacterial peptides and functionally deactivates human neutrophils","volume":"85","author":"Campbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857087","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.857087","article-title":"A narrative review of the epigenetics of post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder treatment","volume":"13","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-023-00416-1","article-title":"Formyl peptide receptor 2 activation by mitochondrial formyl peptides stimulates the neutrophil proinflammatory response via the ERK pathway and exacerbates ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury","volume":"28","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.02.005","article-title":"Genetics of glucocorticoid regulation and posttraumatic stress disorder\u2014what do we know?","volume":"63","author":"Castro-Vale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00020.2012","article-title":"11-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action","volume":"93","author":"Chapman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32822-y","article-title":"Structural basis for recognition of N-formyl peptides as pathogen-associated molecular patterns","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2147\/ndt.s17573","article-title":"A biological pathway linking inflammation and depression: activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase","volume":"7","author":"Christmas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.272566","article-title":"The N-formyl peptide receptors: contemporary roles in neuronal function and dysfunction","volume":"15","author":"Cussell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20042937","article-title":"Metabolic and inflammatory response in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a systematic review on peripheral neuroimmune biomarkers","volume":"20","author":"Dell\u2019Oste","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13607","article-title":"Neuroinflammation: the devil is in the details","volume":"139","author":"DiSabato","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.10.010","article-title":"The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in PTSD: pathophysiology and treatment interventions","volume":"89","author":"Dunlop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00340","article-title":"Inhibitors of MAO-A and MAO-B in psychiatry and neurology","volume":"7","author":"Finberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e524","DOI":"10.1038\/TP.2015.18","article-title":"Mitochondrial genetic variants identified to be associated with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"5","author":"Flaquer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20221","article-title":"Adult sexual abuse is associated with elevated neurohormone levels among women with PTSD due to childhood sexual abuse","volume":"20","author":"Friedman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-015-0532-7","article-title":"Risperidone attenuates modified stress\u2013re-stress paradigm-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in rats exhibiting post-traumatic stress disorder-like symptoms","volume":"56","author":"Garabadu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2018.02.003","article-title":"Healthy brain aging: interplay between reactive species, inflammation and energy supply","volume":"43","author":"Garaschuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401950","article-title":"Mechanisms of cytochrome c release from mitochondria","volume":"13","author":"Garrido","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.8.1227","article-title":"CSF norepinephrine concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"158","author":"Geracioti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-4530(01)00081-6","article-title":"Urinary cortisol and catecholamines in mothers of child cancer survivors with and without PTSD","volume":"27","author":"Glover","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.10.020","article-title":"Cortisol response to cosyntropin administration in military veterans with or without posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"40","author":"Golier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11132034","article-title":"Involvement of nuclear factor-\u03baB in inflammation and neuronal plasticity associated with post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2020.1803824","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in post-traumatic stress disorder and cocaine use disorder","volume":"23","author":"Hadad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01444","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome activation in cancer: a double-edged sword","volume":"11","author":"Hamarsheh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130597","article-title":"Chronic stress, cortisol dysfunction, and pain: a psychoneuroendocrine rationale for stress management in pain rehabilitation","volume":"94","author":"Hannibal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2019.21.4\/kressler","article-title":"A review of epigenetic contributions to post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"21","author":"Howie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105993","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA as a marker for treatment-response in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"148","author":"Hummel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.05.013","article-title":"Mitochondria in homeostasis of reactive oxygen species in cell, tissues, and organism","volume":"37","author":"Jezek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1172\/jci16771","article-title":"High-flux mitochondrial cholesterol trafficking, a specialized function of the adrenal cortex","volume":"110","author":"Jefcoate","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investigation"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-022-03655-4","article-title":"Leptin attenuates fear memory by inhibiting astrocytic NLRP3 inflammasome in post-traumatic stress disorder model","volume":"48","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55539-3_3","article-title":"The mitochondrial permeability transition pore: molecular structure and function in health and disease","volume-title":"Molecular basis for mitochondrial signaling","author":"Jonas","year":"2017"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4837","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094837","article-title":"Serotonin\u2014its synthesis and roles in the healthy and the critically ill","volume":"22","author":"Kanova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10039","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S247050","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 9 agonists in cancer","volume":"13","author":"Karapetyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2007.09.002","article-title":"Signaling to NF-kappaB by toll-like receptors","volume":"13","author":"Kawai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c140065","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis\u2014feedback control","volume":"5","author":"Keller-Wood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-015-2826-8","article-title":"Transformation of catalytic characteristics of cerebral monoamine oxidases in experimental posttraumatic stress disorders","volume":"158","author":"Kolesnikova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64125-0.00012-8","article-title":"Tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin synthesis regulation","volume":"31","author":"Kuhn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Handb. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-020-2724-4","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effects of hesperidin in animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10050953","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64123-6.00004-7","article-title":"Hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis and stress","volume":"175","author":"Leistner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Differ. Neurology Psychiatry"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2010.07.001","article-title":"Single-prolonged stress induced mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in hippocampus in the rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-00879-6","article-title":"Mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns amplify neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"43","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.08.052","article-title":"Increased circulating blood cell counts in combat-related PTSD: associations with inflammation and PTSD severity","volume":"258","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-211","article-title":"Single-prolonged stress induces apoptosis in dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003381","article-title":"Extracellular mitochondrial DNA and N-formyl peptides in trauma and critical illness: a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Lubkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B70","first-page":"922","article-title":"Classification of oxidative stress based on its intensity","volume":"13","author":"Lushchak","year":"2014","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094076","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1094076","article-title":"An orchestrating role of mitochondria in the origin and development of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"13","author":"Lushchak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2470547017713297","DOI":"10.1177\/2470547017713297","article-title":"Post-Traumatic stress disorder: the relationship between the fear response and chronic stress","volume":"1","author":"Maeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chronic Stress"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020712-164023","article-title":"The multifaceted functions of neutrophils","volume":"9","author":"Mayadas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathology Mech. Dis."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3MR0720-513R","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome priming: a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma","volume":"108","author":"McKee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0213839","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213839","article-title":"Metabolomic analysis of male combat veterans with post traumatic stress disorder","volume":"14","author":"Mellon","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00536","article-title":"Mitochondria: an organelle of bacterial origin controlling inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Meyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-756-3_6","article-title":"Mitophagy and mitoptosis in disease processes","volume":"648","author":"Mijaljica","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00830","article-title":"Orexins\/hypocretins: key regulators of energy homeostasis","volume":"10","author":"Milbank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0096","article-title":"Minireview: regulation of steroidogenesis by electron transfer","volume":"146","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2007.02.012","article-title":"Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), a novel mitochondrial cholesterol transporter","volume":"1771","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S277457","article-title":"Role of caspase-1 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory-associated chronic noncommunicable diseases","volume":"13","author":"Molla","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.001","article-title":"Cortisol, heart rate, and blood pressure as early markers of PTSD risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Morris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.04.001","article-title":"The role of acute cortisol and DHEAS in predicting acute and chronic PTSD symptoms","volume":"45","author":"Mouthaan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20081386","article-title":"How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species","volume":"417","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.10.022","article-title":"The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the neuroinflammation and neurogenesis of schizophrenia","volume":"48","author":"Na","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.235219","article-title":"Targeting the noradrenergic system for anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects: implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"O'neill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a000034","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a000034","article-title":"The NF-kappaB family of transcription factors and its regulation","volume":"1","author":"Oeckinghaus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16517","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416517","article-title":"Changes in the serum concentration levels of serotonin, tryptophan and cortisol among stress-resilient and stress-susceptible individuals after experiencing traumatic stress","volume":"19","author":"Og\u0142odek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.04.001","article-title":"Changes in cortisol and DHEA plasma levels after psychotherapy for PTSD","volume":"32","author":"Olff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.08.018","article-title":"Effects of metyrapone on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sleep in women with post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"61","author":"Otte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00450","article-title":"Catecholamines in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.03.014","article-title":"Translocator protein-mediated pharmacology of cholesterol transport and steroidogenesis","volume":"408","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2018.1474874","article-title":"NADPH oxidase and redox status in amygdala, hippocampus and cortex of male Wistar rats in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"21","author":"Petrovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2018.01.001","article-title":"An energetic view of stress: focus on mitochondria","volume":"49","author":"Picard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-019-0142-1","article-title":"The prodomain of caspase-3 regulates its own removal and caspase activation","volume":"5","author":"Ponder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4892","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15194","article-title":"Mitochondrial biogenesis: an update","volume":"24","author":"Popov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100104","article-title":"Cerebellar mitochondrial dysfunction and concomitant multi-system fatty acid oxidation defects are sufficient to discriminate PTSD-like and resilient male mice","volume":"6","author":"Preston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200526338","article-title":"Human mitochondria-derived N-formylated peptides are novel agonists equally active on FPR and FPRL1, while Listeria monocytogenes-derived peptides preferentially activate FPR","volume":"35","author":"Rabiet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130861","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1130861","article-title":"Defining the nuanced nature of redox biology in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"14","author":"Reed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050541","article-title":"Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids \u2014 new mechanisms for old drugs","volume":"353","author":"Rhen","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2009.03.001","article-title":"Cholesterol transport in steroid biosynthesis: role of protein-protein interactions and implications in disease states","volume":"1791","author":"Rone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798995","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2022.798995","article-title":"The obese brain: mechanisms of systemic and local inflammation, and interventions to reverse the cognitive deficit","volume":"16","author":"Salas-Venegas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2470547021996006","DOI":"10.1177\/2470547021996006","article-title":"The reward system and post-traumatic stress disorder: does trauma affect the way we interact with positive stimuli?","volume":"5","author":"Seidemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chronic Stress"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113043","article-title":"Physical exercise ameliorates psychiatric disorders and cognitive dysfunctions by hippocampal mitochondrial function and neuroplasticity in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"322","author":"Seo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112320","article-title":"Rapid anti-PTSD-like activity of the TSPO agonist YL-IPA08: emphasis on brain GABA, neurosteroids and HPA axis function","volume":"379","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2015.00077","article-title":"NF-kappaB signaling pathways in neurological inflammation: a mini review","volume":"8","author":"Shih","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.4.223","article-title":"Dysregulated mitochondrial genes and networks with drug targets in postmortem brain of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) revealed by human mitochondria-focused cDNA microarrays","volume":"4","author":"Su","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.3924","article-title":"Mitoptosis: different pathways for mitochondrial execution","volume":"3","author":"Tinari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.07.260","article-title":"MAO activity in the brain in PTSD susceptible and resilient rats","volume":"83","author":"Tseylikman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.03.009","article-title":"Neuroimmune and cortisol changes in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and placebo treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"56","author":"Tucker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2017.0088","article-title":"A systematic review of interleukin-1\u03b2 in post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence from human and animal studies","volume":"38","author":"Waheed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2015.11.003","article-title":"Single-prolonged stress induce different change in the cell organelle of the hippocampal cells: a study of ultrastructure","volume":"118","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03030","article-title":"Phagocytosis of necrotic debris at sites of injury and inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Westman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.12.005","article-title":"Short-term inhibition of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 reversibly improves spatial memory but persistently impairs contextual fear memory in aged mice","volume":"91","author":"Wheelan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B115","first-page":"109","article-title":"Glucocorticoids, stress, and fertility","volume":"35","author":"Whirledge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-011-9768-0","article-title":"Epinephrine: a short- and long-term regulator of stress and development of illness: a potential new role for epinephrine in stress","volume":"32","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-010-9550-8","article-title":"Single-prolonged stress induces apoptosis by activating cytochrome c\/caspase-9 pathway in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"31","author":"Xiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.12.003","article-title":"Enduring effects of severe developmental adversity, including nutritional deprivation, on cortisol metabolism in aging Holocaust survivors","volume":"43","author":"Yehuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2005.11.041","article-title":"Stress-induced change of mitochondria membrane potential regulated by genomic and non-genomic GR signaling: a possible mechanism for hippocampus atrophy in PTSD","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2022.5130","article-title":"Focus on the role of mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation: a prospective target for the treatment of ischemic stroke (review)","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2019.4188","article-title":"Mitochondrial electron transport chain, ROS generation and uncoupling (review)","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx111","article-title":"Monoamine oxidase a gene methylation and its role in posttraumatic stress disorder: first evidence from the South Eastern Europe (SEE)-PTSD study","volume":"21","author":"Ziegler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.4","article-title":"Post-traumatic anxiety associates with failure of the innate immune receptor TLR9 to evade the pro-inflammatory NF\u03baB pathway","volume":"2","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1222826\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T19:37:49Z","timestamp":1730403469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1222826\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"references-count":123,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2023.1222826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1222826","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"article-number":"1222826"}}