{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T04:23:53Z","timestamp":1768969433142,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7222234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7222234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82170792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82170792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold> To explore whether stimulation of C-fibers in tibial nerves can induce bladder inhibition by optogenetic transdermal illumination.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Ten rats were injected with AAV2\/6-hSyn-ChR2(H134R)-EYFP into the tibial nerves. Transurethral cystometry was performed 4 weeks after the virus injection. Illumination (473-nm blue light at 100\u00a0mW) was performed with the fiber positioned above the right hind paw near the ankle. The light transmission efficiency was examined with a laser power meter. The effects on cystometry were compared before and after illumination with the bladder infused with normal saline and acetic acid, respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Result:<\/jats:bold> Upon transdermal delivery of 473-nm light at a peak power of 100\u00a0mW, the irradiance value of 0.653\u00a0mW\/mm2 at the target region was detected, which is sufficient to activate opsins. The photothermal effect of 473-nm light is unremarkable. Acute inhibitory responses were not observed during stimulation regarding any of the bladder parameters; whereas, after laser illumination for 30\u00a0min, a statistically significant increase in bladder capacity with the bladder infused with normal saline (from 0.53 \u00b1 0.04\u00a0mL to 0.72 \u00b1 0.05\u00a0mL, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and acetic acid (from 0.25 \u00b1 0.02\u00a0mL to 0.37 \u00b1 0.04\u00a0mL, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) was detected. A similar inhibitory response was observed with pulsed illumination at both 10Hz and 50Hz. However, illumination did not significantly influence base pressure, threshold pressure, or peak pressure.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> In this preliminary study, it can be inferred that the prolonged bladder inhibition is mediated by the stimulation of C-fibers in the tibial nerves, with no frequency-dependent characteristics. Although the 473-nm blue light has limited penetration efficacy, it is sufficient to modulate bladder functions through transdermal illumination on the superficial peripheral nervous system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1224088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T06:43:41Z","timestamp":1688021021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Transdermal tibial nerve optogenetic stimulation targeting C-fibers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhonghan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuesheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xunhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.03.058","article-title":"Substance P release and neurokinin 1 receptor activation in the rat spinal cord increase with the firing frequency of C-fibers","volume":"161","author":"Adelson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-017-2317-4","article-title":"Effect of wavelength and beam width on penetration in light-tissue interaction using computational methods","volume":"32","author":"Ash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lasers Med. 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