{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T22:54:18Z","timestamp":1788303258024,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"Background:<\/jats:bold> The study aimed to assess differences in the biological age (BA<\/jats:italic>) of 13-year-old swimmers and show their ability, as biologically younger\u2014late mature<\/jats:italic> or older\u2014early mature<\/jats:italic>, to develop fast 60-s oxygen uptake (V<\/mml:mi>\u02d9<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover>O<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula>) kinetics and tethered swimming strength. Furthermore, the interplay between swimming strength, V<\/mml:mi>\u02d9<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover>O<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula>, and 400-m front crawl race performance was examined.<\/jats:p>Methods:<\/jats:bold> The study involved 36 competitive young male swimmers (metrical age: 12.9 \u00b1 0.56\u00a0years). Depending on BA<\/jats:italic> examination, the group was divided into early-mature<\/jats:italic> (BA<\/jats:italic>: 15.8 \u00b1 1.18\u00a0years, n<\/jats:italic> = 13) and late-mature<\/jats:italic> (BA<\/jats:italic>: 12.9 \u00b1 0.60 years, n<\/jats:italic> = 23) participants, especially for the purpose of comparing tethered swimming indices, i.e., average values of force (F<\/jats:italic>ave<\/jats:sub>) and V<\/mml:mi>\u02d9<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover>O<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> (breath-by-breath analysis) kinetic indices, measured simultaneously in 1-min tethered front crawl swimming. From the 400-m racing stroke rate, stroke length kinematics was retrieved.<\/jats:p>Results:<\/jats:bold> In the 1-min tethered front crawl test, early-mature<\/jats:italic> swimmers obtained higher results of absolute values of V<\/mml:mi>\u02d9<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover>O<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> and F<\/jats:italic>ave<\/jats:sub>. Conversely, when V<\/mml:mi>\u02d9<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover>O<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> was present relatively to body mass and pulling force (in ml\u2219min\u20131<\/jats:sup>\u2219kg\u20131<\/jats:sup>\u2219N\u22121<\/jats:sup>), late-mature<\/jats:italic> swimmers showed higher O<\/mml:mi>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> relative usage. Late-mature<\/jats:italic> swimmers generally exhibited a slower increase in V<\/mml:mi>\u02d9<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover>O<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> during the first 30\u00a0s of 60\u00a0s. V<\/mml:mi>\u02d9<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover>O<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula>, F<\/jats:italic>ave<\/jats:sub>, BA<\/jats:italic>, and basic swimming kinematic stroke length were significantly interrelated and influenced 400-m swimming performance.<\/jats:p>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> The 1-min tethered swimming test revealed significant differences in the homogeneous calendar age\/heterogeneous BA<\/jats:italic> group of swimmers. These were distinguished by the higher level of V<\/mml:mi>\u02d9<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover>O<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> kinetics and pulling force in early-mature<\/jats:italic> individuals and lower efficiency per unit of body mass per unit of force aerobic system in late-mature<\/jats:italic> peers. The higher V<\/mml:mi>\u02d9<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover>O<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> kinetics and tethered swimming force were further translated into 400-m front crawl speed and stroke length kinematics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1229007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T06:48:12Z","timestamp":1696574892000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Oxygen uptake kinetics and biological age in relation to pulling force and 400-m front crawl performance in young swimmers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marek","family":"Strza\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Soko\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"W\u0105drzyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Staszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Kryst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"\u017begle\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Kr\u0119\u017ca\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Maciejczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662029","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.662029","article-title":"Physiological responses during high-intensity interval training in young swimmers","volume":"12","author":"Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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