{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:01:46Z","timestamp":1780704106742,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> While long-term dynamic breath-holding training has been extensively studied to enhance cardiopulmonary function in athletes, limited research has explored the impact of a single breath-holding session on subsequent athletic capacity. In addition, Dry Dynamic Apnea (DA) has a more immediate physiological response than wet and static breath-holding. This study aims to assess the immediate effects of a single session of DA on the aerobic power and hematological parameters of elite athletes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Seventeen elite male rugby athletes (average age 23.5 \u00b1 1.8) participated in this study. Two warm-up protocols were employed prior to incremental exercise: a standard warm-up (10\u00a0min of no-load pedaling) and a DA warm-up (10\u00a0min of no-load pedaling accompanied by six maximum capacity breath holds, with 30\u00a0s between each breath hold). Fingertip blood indicators were measured before and after warm-up. The incremental exercise test assessed aerobic parameters with self-regulation applied throughout the study.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Compared to the baseline warm-up, the DA warm-up resulted in a significant increase in VO2peak from 3.14 to 3.38\u00a0L\/min (7.64% change, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). HRmax increased from 170 to 183 bpm (7.34% change, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), and HRpeak increased from 169 to 182 bpm (7.52% change, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Hematocrit and hemoglobin showed differential changes between the two warm-up methods (P<jats:sub>Hematocrit<\/jats:sub> = 0.674; P<jats:sub>hemoglobin<\/jats:sub> = 0.707).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> This study investigates how DA influences physiological factors such as spleen contraction, oxygen uptake, and sympathetic nerve activation compared to traditional warm-up methods. Immediate improvements in aerobic power suggest reduced vagus nerve stimulation, heightened sympathetic activity, and alterations in respiratory metabolism induced by the voluntarily hypoxia-triggered warm-up. Further research is warranted to comprehensively understand these physiological responses and optimize warm-up strategies for elite athletic performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1269656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T04:36:28Z","timestamp":1705379788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of dry dynamic apnea on aerobic power in elite rugby athletes: a warm-up method"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wang","family":"Wendi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wu","family":"Dongzhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Yongjin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gao","family":"Xiaolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333070-00004","article-title":"Heart rate monitoring: applications and limitations","volume":"33","author":"Achten","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050294","article-title":"Effects of lung volume and involuntary breathing movements on the human diving response","volume":"77","author":"Andersson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2008.00777.x","article-title":"Arterial oxygen saturation and diving response during dynamic apneas in breath-hold divers","volume":"19","author":"Andersson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-201x.1968.tb10892.x","article-title":"The 'diving bradycardia' in exercising man","volume":"73","author":"Asmussen","year":"1968","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1113\/EP086269","article-title":"Physiology of static breath holding in elite apneists","volume":"103","author":"Bain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(85)90041-4","article-title":"Respiratory modulation of sympathetic activity","volume":"12","author":"Bainton","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Aut. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181e52e69","article-title":"Clinician's Guide to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"122","author":"Balady","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1954.sp005144","article-title":"The carbon dioxide stimulus to breathing in severe exercise","volume":"125","author":"Bannister","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-1350-3","article-title":"Relationship between breath-hold time and physical performance in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"95","author":"Barnai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737070-00002","article-title":"Incremental exercise test design and analysis: implications for performance diagnostics in endurance athletes","volume":"37","author":"Bentley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sports medicine"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199214050-00002","article-title":"High-altitude training. Aspects of Haematological adaptation","volume":"14","author":"Berglund","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1972.33.1.27","article-title":"Diving reflex\" in man: its relation to isometric and dynamic exercise","volume":"33","author":"Bergman","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01444","article-title":"The measurement of lung volumes using body plethysmography: a comparison of methodologies","volume":"57","author":"Borg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00770.2021","article-title":"Six weeks of static apnea training does not affect Hbmass and exercise performance","volume":"132","author":"Bouten","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2011.05.003","article-title":"Recruitment pattern of sympathetic neurons during breath-holding at different lung volumes in apnea divers and controls","volume":"164","author":"Breskovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aut. Neurosci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0639-9","article-title":"Increased erythropoietin concentration after repeated apneas in humans","volume":"102","author":"Bruijn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1980.48.4.636","article-title":"Effect of induced erythrocythemia on aerobic work capacity","volume":"48","author":"Buick","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiology Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.5935\/2359-4802.20180030","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory optimal point in professional soccer players: a novel submaximal variable during exercise","volume":"31","author":"Castro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2014.01.009","article-title":"Nitric oxide and hypoxia stimulate erythropoietin receptor via MAPK kinase in endothelial cells","volume":"92","author":"Cokic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3129-5","article-title":"Modeling the diving bradycardia: toward an 'oxygen-conserving breaking point","volume":"115","author":"Costalat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/10671188.1944.10761891","article-title":"A study of circulatory-respiratory changes as indicated by the McCurdy-larson organic efficiency test in relation to physiological age","volume":"15","author":"Dane","year":"1944","journal-title":"Res. Q."},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"Acute effects of an upper body repeated sprint protocol in hypoxia induced by voluntary hypoventilation","author":"da Rosa","year":"2022"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.28920\/dhm49.3.186-191","article-title":"Assessment of sensory sensitivity through critical flicker fusion frequency thresholds after a maximum voluntary apnoea","volume":"49","author":"de As\u00eds Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diving Hyperbaric Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964144","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.964144","article-title":"Effects of apnoea training on aerobic and anaerobic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"de As\u00eds-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240100568","article-title":"Breath-holding time: effects of non-chemical factors in divers and non-divers","volume":"442","author":"Delapille","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/s0034-5687(01)00327-9","article-title":"Respiratory influences on sympathetic vasomotor outflow in humans","volume":"130","author":"Dempsey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22720","article-title":"Sustained apnea induces endothelial activation","volume":"40","author":"Eichhorn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1113\/EP088404","article-title":"Splenic responses to a series of repeated maximal static and dynamic apnoeas with whole-body immersion in water","volume":"106","author":"Elia","year":"","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04664-x","article-title":"Physiology, pathophysiology and (mal)adaptations to chronic apnoeic training: a state-of-the-art review","volume":"121","author":"Elia","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01391.x","article-title":"Effects of two weeks of daily apnea training on diving response, spleen contraction, and erythropoiesis in novel subjects","volume":"23","author":"Engan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1986.sp016196","article-title":"The diving response in man: effects on sympathetic activity on muscle and skin nerve fascicles","volume":"377","author":"Fagius","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2018.07.013","article-title":"Medium-term effects of physical conditioning on breath-hold diving performance","volume":"259","author":"Fernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/s1095-6433(03)00134-x","article-title":"Diversity in and adaptation to breath-hold diving in humans","volume":"136","author":"Ferretti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c160008","article-title":"Breath-hold diving","volume":"8","author":"Fitz-Clarke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1431312","article-title":"Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia induced by voluntary hypoventilation improves running repeated-sprint ability in rugby players","volume":"18","author":"Fornasier-Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1954.6.9.539","article-title":"Breaking point of breath-holding","volume":"6","author":"Fowler","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000315","article-title":"Prediction of maximal heart rate in children and adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Gelbart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"B38","article-title":"Physiology, diving reflex","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Godek","year":"2022"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(68)90030-3","article-title":"The control of breath holding","volume":"5","author":"Godfrey","year":"1968","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1975.39.6.925","article-title":"Effect of exercise and thermal stress on plasma volume","volume":"39","author":"Harrison","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1968.25.5.542","article-title":"Vasoconstrictor response to simulated diving in man","volume":"25","author":"Heistad","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01066.2020","article-title":"Enhanced splenic Volume and contraction in elite endurance athletes","volume":"131","author":"Holmstr\u00f6m","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2005.07.005","article-title":"Effects of breath-hold diving on bone mineral density of women divers","volume":"73","author":"Hwang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198406000-00010","article-title":"Blood volume and hemoglobin concentration as determinants of maximal aerobic power","volume":"16","author":"Kanstrup","year":"1984","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2012.05.004","article-title":"Heart rate variability during static and dynamic breath-hold dives in elite divers","volume":"169","author":"Kiviniemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1309483","article-title":"Lactic acidosis","volume":"371","author":"Kraut","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B49","volume-title":"The efficacy of cold facial immersion and the diving response in treating panic disorder","author":"Kyriakoulis","year":"2019"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.5935\/2359-4802.20180041","article-title":"Is cardiorespiratory optimal point measured during the maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test a relevant indicator of sports performance?","volume":"31","author":"Laukkanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14012","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory optimal point during exercise testing is related to cardiovascular and all-cause mortality","volume":"31","author":"Laukkanen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b073a8","article-title":"Apnea training effects on swimming coordination","volume":"23","author":"Lema\u00eetre","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.4.1516","article-title":"Hypoxia augments apnea-induced peripheral vasoconstriction in humans","volume":"90","author":"Leuenberger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.1.102","article-title":"\u201cLiving high-training low\u201d: effect of moderate-altitude acclimatization with low-altitude training on performance","volume":"83","author":"Levine","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of applied physiology"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1974.37.3.291","article-title":"Physiological and conventional breath hold breaking points","volume":"37","author":"Lin","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.77.2.542","article-title":"Tissue oxygen and carbon dioxide stores and breath-hold diving in humans","volume":"77","author":"Liner","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04637-0","article-title":"Splenic contraction is enhanced by exercise at simulated high altitude","volume":"121","author":"Lodin-Sundstrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiology"},{"key":"B58","volume-title":"ACSM's body composition assessment. Human Kinetics","author":"Lohman","year":"2019"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5455\/ijmsph.2013.050720135","article-title":"Effect of Savitri Pranayama practice on peak expiratory flow rate, maximum voluntary ventilation and breath holding time","volume":"2","author":"Mamatha","year":"2012","journal-title":"IJRRMS"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2015","article-title":"Vagal afferent innervation of the airways in health and disease","volume":"96","author":"Mazzone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1959.14.5.701","article-title":"Lung volume restriction as a ventilatory stimulus during breath holding","volume":"14","author":"Mithoefer","year":"","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1959.14.5.706","article-title":"Mechanism of pulmonary gas exchange and carbon dioxide transport during breath holding","volume":"14","author":"Mithoefer","year":"","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1080\/10671188.1951.10621326","article-title":"Breath-holding as a measure of physical fitness","volume":"22","author":"Montoye","year":"1951","journal-title":"Res. Q. Am. Assoc. Health, Phys. Educ. Recreat."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1159\/000530874","article-title":"Would intermittent hypoxia add significant benefits to simple breathing pranayama?","volume":"30","author":"Msg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Complement. Med. Res. Adv. online Publ."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.22059\/jsb.2013.29778","article-title":"The effect of maximal endurance training on hemorheological factors of national athletes of triathlon","volume":"15","author":"Nazarali","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-36342002000300005","article-title":"Hemoglobin measured by Hemocue and a reference method in venous and capillary blood: a validation study","volume":"44","author":"Neufeld","year":"2002","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2005.031625","article-title":"Breath\u2010holding and its breakpoint","volume":"91","author":"Parkes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0771-1","article-title":"Heart rate and blood pressure time courses during prolonged dry apnoea in breath-hold divers","volume":"104","author":"Perini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.56.3.613","article-title":"Effects of endurance exercise on metabolic water production and plasma volume","volume":"56","author":"Pivarnik","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. Respir. Environ. Exerc Physiol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c091003","article-title":"Diving mammals","volume":"1","author":"Ponganis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01063.2016","article-title":"Measurement of the maximum oxygen uptake V o2max: V o2peak is no longer acceptable","volume":"122","author":"Poole","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2016.09.017","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory optimal point during exercise testing as a predictor of all-cause mortality","volume":"36","author":"Ramos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Cardiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1590\/s0066-782x2012005000091","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory optimal point: a submaximal variable of the cardiopulmonary exercise testing","volume":"99","author":"Ramos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cardiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e104932","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104932","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory optimal point: a submaximal exercise variable to assess panic disorder patients","volume":"9","author":"Ramos","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1139\/h05-120","article-title":"Increase of hemoglobin concentration after maximal apneas in divers, skiers, and untrained humans","volume":"30","author":"Richardson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0308","article-title":"Modified ventilatory response characteristics to exercise in breath-hold divers","volume":"9","author":"Roecker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"B78","first-page":"11","article-title":"Predicting performance in competitive apnea diving, part II: dynamic apnoea","volume":"40","author":"Schagatay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diving Hyperb. Med."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1224-0","article-title":"Speed of spleen volume changes evoked by serial apneas","volume":"93","author":"Schagatay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.5935\/2359-4802.20180030","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory optimal point in professional soccer players: a novel submaximal variable during exercise","volume":"31","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc Sci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00030.2015","article-title":"The ins and outs of breath holding: simple demonstrations of complex respiratory physiology","volume":"39","author":"Skow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Physiology Educ."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.167.2.211","article-title":"ATS\/ACCP statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing","volume":"167","author":"Society","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1959.14.3.353","article-title":"Combined ventilatory and breath-holding evaluation of sensitivity to respiratory gases","volume":"14","author":"Stroud","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.4103\/2278-344x.105080","article-title":"A study of reduction in breath-holding time in smokers and recovery among ex-smokers in bus depot workers","volume":"1","author":"Sudha","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Health and Allied Sciences"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01782-0","article-title":"Mechanisms for combined hypoxic conditioning and divergent exercise modes to regulate inflammation, body composition, appetite, and blood glucose homeostasis in overweight and obese adults: a narrative review","volume":"53","author":"Tee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0674","article-title":"Repeated-Sprint training in hypoxia induced by voluntary hypoventilation in swimming","volume":"12","author":"Trincat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H244","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1996.271.1.H244","article-title":"Quantitative beat-to-beat analysis of heart rate dynamics during exercise","volume":"271","author":"Tulppo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.11.012","article-title":"Airway nerves and dyspnea associated with inflammatory airway disease","volume":"167","author":"Undem","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14309","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14309","article-title":"Manipulating the perception of time affects voluntary breath-holding duration","volume":"7","author":"Vigran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2022.298","article-title":"Acute cardiovascular and metabolic effects of different warm-up protocols on dynamic apnea","volume":"21","author":"Vitali","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"B90","volume-title":"ACSM guide to exercise testing and exercise prescription [M]","author":"Wang","year":"2015"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.100.1.175","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary coupling during exercise","volume":"100","author":"Whipp","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"B93","volume-title":"Hypoventilation training - push your limits!","author":"Woorons","year":"2014"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04813-2","article-title":"Running exercise with end-expiratory breath holding up to the breaking point induces large and early fall in muscle oxygenation","volume":"121","author":"Woorons","year":"2021","journal-title":"*European Journal of Applied Physiology*"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1512-9","article-title":"Exercise with hypoventilation induces lower muscle oxygenation and higher blood lactate concentration: role of hypoxia and hypercapnia","volume":"110","author":"Woorons","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-01904184-9","article-title":"Physiological adaptations to repeated sprint training in hypoxia induced by voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume","volume":"119","author":"Woorons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2007.09.010","article-title":"Effects of a 4-week training with voluntary hypoventilation carried out at low pulmonary volumes","volume":"160","author":"Woorons","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3729-3","article-title":"Acute effects of repeated cycling sprints in hypoxia induced by voluntary hypoventilation","volume":"117","author":"Woorons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000863","article-title":"Hypoventilation training at supramaximal intensity improves swimming performance","volume":"48","author":"Woorons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5620","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095620","article-title":"Physiological aspects of world elite competitive German winter sport athletes","volume":"19","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1269656\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T04:36:35Z","timestamp":1705379795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1269656\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"references-count":97,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2023.1269656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1269656","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"article-number":"1269656"}}