{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T07:42:56Z","timestamp":1788248576630,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> The main clinical manifestations of patients with Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) include micrognathia, the glossoptosis and dyspnoea. The difficulty of tracheal intubation (TI) in such patients is increased.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> The purpose of the study was to evaluate the reliability and efficacy of the PRS simulator.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> A PRS simulator was developed by using 3-dimensional (3D) printing technology under computer-aided design. A total of 12 anaesthesiologists each trained 5 times for TI on the PRS Training Simulator-1 and recorded the simulation time. After the training, they were randomly divided into three groups with a total of 12 nontrained anaesthesiologists, and the simulation was completed on PRS Simulator-2, 3 and 4. The simulation time was recorded, and the performance was evaluated by three chief anaesthesiologists. Then, all 24 anaesthesiologists completed the questionnaire.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> A PRS simulator developed by 3D printing was used to simulate the important aspects of TI. The average number of years worked was 6.3 \u00b1 3.1\u00a0years, and 66.7% were female. The time for the 12 anaesthesiologists to complete the training gradually decreased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01). Compared with the trained anaesthesiologists, the simulation time of TI in the nontrained anaesthesiologists was much longer (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01). In addition, the simulation performance of the trained anaesthesiologists was relatively better (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> The reliability and efficacy of the PRS simulator is herein preliminarily validated, and it has potential to become a teaching and training tool for anaesthesiologists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1292523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T04:43:01Z","timestamp":1706762581000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tracheal intubation in patients with Pierre Robin sequence: development, application, and clinical value based on a 3-dimensional printed simulator"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhang","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2015.02.011","article-title":"Is there a gold standard for management of the difficult airway?","volume":"33","author":"Artime","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiol. 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