{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:37:36Z","timestamp":1781797056764,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Methyl salicylate, the main compound of wintergreen oil, is widely used in topical applications. However, its vascular and thermosensory effects are not fully understood. The primary aim was to investigate the effects of topical methyl salicylate on skin temperature (T<jats:sub>skin<\/jats:sub>), skin microcirculation (MC<jats:sub>skin<\/jats:sub>) and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) compared to a placebo gel. The secondary aim was to assess thermosensory responses (thermal sensation, thermal comfort) and to explore to which extent these sensations correspond to the physiological responses over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>21 healthy women (22.2 \u00b1 2.9\u00a0years) participated in this single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Custom-made natural wintergreen oil (12.9%), containing methyl salicylate (&amp;gt;99%) and a placebo gel, 1 g each, were applied simultaneously to two paravertebral skin areas (5\u00a0cm \u00d7 10\u00a0cm, Th4-Th7). T<jats:sub>skin<\/jats:sub> (infrared thermal imaging), MC<jats:sub>skin<\/jats:sub> (laser speckle contrast imaging) and SmO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (deep tissue oxygenation monitoring) and thermosensation (Likert scales) were assessed at baseline (BL) and at 5-min intervals during a 45\u00a0min post-application period (T0-T45).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both gels caused an initial decrease in T<jats:sub>skin<\/jats:sub>, with T<jats:sub>skin<\/jats:sub>(min) at T5 for both methyl salicylate (BL-T5: \u0394-3.36\u00b0C) and placebo (BL-T5: \u0394-3.90\u00b0C), followed by a gradual increase (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; .001). Methyl salicylate gel resulted in significantly higher T<jats:sub>skin<\/jats:sub> than placebo between T5 and T40 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; .05). For methyl salicylate, MC<jats:sub>skin<\/jats:sub> increased, with MC<jats:sub>skin<\/jats:sub>(max) at T5 (BL-T5: \u039488.7%). For placebo, MC<jats:sub>skin<\/jats:sub> decreased (BL-T5: \u0394-17.5%), with significantly lower values compared to methyl salicylate between T0 and T45 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; .05). Both gels had minimal effects on SmO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, with no significant differences between methyl salicylate and placebo (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; .05). Thermal sensation responses to topical methyl salicylate ranged from \u201ccool\u201d to \u201chot\u201d, with more intense sensations reported at T5.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings indicate that topical methyl salicylate induces short-term cutaneous vasodilation, but it may not enhance skeletal muscle blood flow. This study highlights the complex sensory responses to its application, which may be based on the short-term modulation of thermosensitive transient receptor potential channels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1347196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T05:04:05Z","timestamp":1713503045000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Short-term cutaneous vasodilatory and thermosensory effects of topical methyl salicylate"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ninja","family":"Versteeg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Wellauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selina","family":"Wittenwiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Aerenhouts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Clarys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Clijsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e201960131","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201960131","article-title":"Race-specific differences in the phase coherence between blood flow and oxygenation: a simultaneous NIRS, white light spectroscopy and LDF study","volume":"13","author":"Abdulhameed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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