{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:32:17Z","timestamp":1790721137567,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds Zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glaucoma stands as a prominent global cause of irreversible blindness and the primary treatment approach involves reducing intraocular pressure (IOP). However, around one-third of patients exhibit disease progression despite effective IOP reduction. Microvascular endothelial function, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress are known to affect retinal neuronal networks and have been associated with disease severity and progression. Exercise training has the potential to counteract these mechanisms as add-on treatment to usual care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The HIT-GLAUCOMA study will investigate the effects of a 6-month high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on intermediate endpoints such as local retinal microvascular and systemic large artery function, inflammation, and oxidative stress as well as clinical endpoints such as visual field indices, optic nerve rim assessment, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, IOP, number of eye drops, vision-related quality of life and ocular surface disease symptomatology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study is a multi-center randomized controlled clinical trial in patients with both normal tension and high-tension primary open angle glaucoma. Across two study centers, 128 patients will be enrolled and randomized on a 1:1 basis into an exercise intervention group and a usual care control group. The primary microvascular endpoints are retinal arteriolar and venular flicker light-induced dilation at 6\u00a0months. The primary endpoint in the systemic circulation is brachial artery flow-mediated dilation at 6\u00a0months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Anticipated results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We hypothesize that exercise therapy will improve retinal microvascular function and thus ocular blood flow in patients with glaucoma. As clinical outcomes, we will investigate the effect of exercise on visual field indices, optic nerve rim assessment, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, IOP, number of eye drops, vision-related quality of life and ocular surface disease symptomatology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIT-GLAUCOMA is a blueprint trial design to study the effect of exercise training on neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Importantly, patients are also expected to benefit from improvements in general health and cardiovascular co-morbidities. If proven effective, exercise may offer a new add-on treatment strategy to slow glaucoma progression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration Number<\/jats:title><jats:p>The trial is registered at <jats:ext-link>Clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link> under the identifier NCT06058598 and is currently in the recruitment stage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1349313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T04:51:05Z","timestamp":1715835065000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["High-intensity interval training in patients with glaucoma (HIT-GLAUCOMA): protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled exercise trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jan","family":"Van Eijgen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Schuhmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma-Liina","family":"Fingerroos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Renier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Burchert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia Maria","family":"Kr\u00f6pfl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaryllis","family":"Van Craenenbroeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Cornelissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Gugleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingeborg","family":"Stalmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henner","family":"Hanssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.167.2.211","article-title":"ATS\/ACCP Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing","volume":"167","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. 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