{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T06:02:17Z","timestamp":1773122537890,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Incretins, i.e., glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) promote insulin secretion to reduce postprandial blood sugar. Previous studies found incretins in the salivary glands. However, the role of GLP-1 and GIP in the submandibular gland (SMG) is unclear. This study investigates the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the expression of GLP-1 and GIP throughout the development of rat SMG.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Pregnant 11-week-old Wistar rats were divided into two groups: those fed on a standard diet (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 5) and those fed on a HFD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 5). From day 7 of pregnancy and throughout the lactation period, all the rats were fed on either a chow diet or HFD. The newborns were divided into four subgroups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 6): standard diet males (SM), HFD males (HM), standard diet females (SF), and HFD females (HF). The SMGs of 3- and 10-week-old rats from each subgroup were collected under general anesthesia. Moreover, body weight, food intake, and fasting blood sugar were measured. The mRNA expression of GLP-1 and GIP was quantified, and the localization was observed using immunohistochemistry (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> GLP-1 mRNA expression was statistically significantly more upregulated in HM than in HF at 3 weeks. Moreover, GLP-1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in HM than in both SM and HF at 10\u00a0weeks. Although a decreasing trend was observed in GIP mRNA expression in both 3- and 10-week-old rats fed on a HFD, a significant difference between HM and SM only occurred at 3\u00a0weeks. Furthermore, the GIP mRNA expression of HM was lower than that of HF at 10\u00a0weeks. Immunohistochemical staining revealed GLP-1 and GIP expression mainly in the SMG duct system. Moreover, vacuolated cytoplasm in the duct was observed in rats fed on a HFD.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Exposure to HFD during pre- and post-natal periods increased GLP-1 mRNA expression in the SMGs of male rats. However, GIP expression decreased following the HFD in male newborns. Furthermore, a decreasing trend of GIP mRNA expression was observed in male newborns after HFD feeding. Sex influenced incretin hormones secretion and obesity-related conditions. HFD during pre- and post-natal periods reprograms the epigenome, contributing to subsequent disease development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1357730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T04:55:55Z","timestamp":1711428955000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in the rat submandibular gland is influenced by pre- and post-natal high-fat diet exposure"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Pornchanok","family":"Sangsuriyothai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ippei","family":"Watari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saranya","family":"Serirukchutarungsee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sirichom","family":"Satrawaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna Anna","family":"Podyma-Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-11-0489","article-title":"Sex differences in developmental programming models","volume":"145","author":"Aiken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.2.252","article-title":"Role of leptin in the regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion","volume":"52","author":"Anini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.054","article-title":"Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP","volume":"132","author":"Baggio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"173","article-title":"Comparative anatomy and molecular mechanisms involved in rodent salivary gland development","volume":"34","author":"Bano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515004547","article-title":"Changes in milk composition in obese rats consuming a high-fat diet","volume":"115","author":"Bautista","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e160854","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.160854","article-title":"\u03b2 Cell mass expansion during puberty involves serotonin signaling and determines glucose homeostasis in adulthood","volume":"7","author":"Castell","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1159\/000149811","article-title":"Skeletal muscle and liver oxidative metabolism in response to a voluntary isocaloric intake of a high fat diet in male and female rats","volume":"22","author":"Catal\u00e0-Niell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. Physiology Biochem."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1","article-title":"Obesity and pregnancy: mechanisms of short term and long term adverse consequences for mother and child","volume":"356","author":"Catalano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040835","article-title":"The impact of OMEGA-3 fatty acids supplementation on insulin resistance and content of adipocytokines and biologically active lipids in adipose tissue of high-fat diet fed rats","volume":"11","author":"Chaci\u0144ska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.04.022","article-title":"Oleic acid protects saturated fatty acid mediated lipotoxicity in hepatocytes and rat of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"203","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14211","article-title":"Incretins in obesity and diabetes","volume":"1461","author":"Chia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-00922-0","article-title":"Maternal dietary fat intake during pregnancy and newborn body composition","volume":"41","author":"Damen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Perinatology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44949","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44949","article-title":"A post-weaning obesogenic diet exacerbates the detrimental effects of maternal obesity on offspring insulin signaling in adipose tissue","volume":"7","author":"de Almeida Faria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.2927","article-title":"High\u2010fat diet feeding induces sex\u2010dependent changes in inflammatory and insulin sensitivity profiles of rat adipose tissue","volume":"31","author":"Estrany","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7323627","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7323627","article-title":"Binge drinking of ethanol during adolescence induces oxidative damage and morphological changes in salivary glands of female rats","volume":"2016","author":"Fagundes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2012.09.002","article-title":"GLP-1 expression in von Ebner's gland of diabetic rats","volume":"38","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30312-X","article-title":"Origins of lifetime health around the time of conception: causes and consequences","volume":"391","author":"Fleming","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0310","article-title":"Developmental timing of high-fat diet exposure impacts glucose homeostasis in mice in a sex-specific manner","volume":"70","author":"Glavas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2021.05.005","article-title":"Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD): the importance of life-course and transgenerational approaches","volume":"40","author":"Hagemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2019-00004","article-title":"The role of sexual hormones on the enteroinsular axis","volume":"40","author":"Handgraaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36154-9","article-title":"Lectin histochemistry of posterior lingual glands of developing rats","volume":"13","author":"Harada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.21608\/EJH.2022.100644.1576","article-title":"Effect of high fat diet on the rat submandibular salivary glands with the possible protection by Gomisin A: light and scanning electron microscopic study","volume":"46","author":"Kandeel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Histology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1137","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in risk, pathophysiology and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"37","author":"Kautzky-Willer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00020","article-title":"Oxidative modification in the salivary glands of high fat-diet induced insulin resistant rats","volume":"8","author":"Ko\u0142odziej","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1243","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00261.2011","article-title":"Increased maternal fat consumption during pregnancy alters body composition in neonatal mice","volume":"301","author":"Krasnow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiology-Endocrinology Metabolism"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.15713\/ins.ijcdmr.121","article-title":"The composition, function and role of saliva in maintaining oral health: a review","volume":"220","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proteins"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa847","article-title":"Colour deconvolution: stain unmixing in histological imaging","volume":"37","author":"Landini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55987-x","article-title":"Effects of different diets used in diet-induced obesity models on insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"9","author":"Lang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01438.2005","article-title":"Saturated, but not n-6 polyunsaturated, fatty acids induce insulin resistance: role of intramuscular accumulation of lipid metabolites","volume":"100","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.04.038","article-title":"Effects of dietary fat on appetite and energy intake in health and obesity\u2014oral and gastrointestinal sensory contributions","volume":"104","author":"Little","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiology Behav."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5557","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000440107","article-title":"Contrasting effects of different maternal diets on sexually dimorphic gene expression in the murine placenta","volume":"107","author":"Mao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828522","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.828522","article-title":"Sex and species differences in the development of diet-induced obesity and metabolic disturbances in rodents","volume":"9","author":"Maric","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20130220","article-title":"Maternal high-fat diet during pregnancy or lactation changes the somatic and neurological development of the offspring","volume":"72","author":"Mendes-da-Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatria"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1770407","article-title":"Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and insulin-like immunoreactivity in saliva following sham-fed and swallowed meals","volume":"177","author":"Messenger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e561","DOI":"10.14800\/ics.561","article-title":"Chronic high fat diet consumption impairs metabolic health of male mice","volume":"1","author":"Morselli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. Cell Signal."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.09.010","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)","volume":"30","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-826175","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in the treatment of diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Nauck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hormone Metabolic Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.job.2015.06.002","article-title":"GLP-1R expression in the major salivary glands of rats","volume":"57","author":"Ono","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Biosci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1003","article-title":"Developmental programming, a pathway to disease","volume":"157","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071564","article-title":"Influence of diet and gender on plasma DPP4 activity and GLP-1 in patients with metabolic syndrome: an experimental pilot study","volume":"23","author":"P\u00e9rez-Durillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2013.11.007","article-title":"Expression of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and its receptor in the rat major salivary glands","volume":"116","author":"Privatananupunt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12955","article-title":"Initial stages of development of the submandibular gland (human embryos at 5.5\u20138 weeks of development)","volume":"234","author":"Quir\u00f3s-Terr\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2000.17721","article-title":"A new rat model of type 2 diabetes: the fat-fed, streptozotocin-treated rat","volume":"49","author":"Reed","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metabolism-Clinical Exp."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12524","article-title":"Animal models of maternal high fat diet exposure and effects on metabolism in offspring: a meta\u2010regression analysis","volume":"18","author":"Ribaroff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.01.014","article-title":"Estradiol is a critical regulator of food-reward behavior","volume":"78","author":"Richard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.07.008","article-title":"Influence of gender and menopausal status on gut microbiota","volume":"116","author":"Santos-Marcos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.08.005","article-title":"The lipid messenger OEA links dietary fat intake to satiety","volume":"8","author":"Schwartz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051903","article-title":"The effect of two-generation exposure to a high-fat diet on craniofacial morphology in rats","volume":"12","author":"Serirukchutarungsee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab098","article-title":"Fasting plasma GLP-1 is associated with overweight\/obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents","volume":"106","author":"Stinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21487","article-title":"Developmental programming: state-of-the-science and future directions\u2013summary from a pennington biomedical symposium","volume":"24","author":"Sutton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2018.10.022","article-title":"Transferred maternal fatty acids stimulate fetal adipogenesis and lead to neonatal and adult obesity","volume":"122","author":"Szabo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040357","article-title":"High fat diets sex-specifically affect the renal transcriptome and program obesity, kidney injury, and hypertension in the offspring","volume":"9","author":"Tain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5086","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05344-7","article-title":"The association between high fat diet around gestation and metabolic syndrome-related phenotypes in rats: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Tellechea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(95)03665-t","article-title":"Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) gene expression in the rat salivary gland","volume":"115","author":"Tseng","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2021.05.009","article-title":"Novel impacts of saliva with regard to oral health","volume":"127","author":"Uchida","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G807","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00351.2013","article-title":"Chronic high-fat feeding increases GIP and GLP-1 secretion without altering body weight","volume":"309","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiology-Gastrointestinal Liver Physiology"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0295-7","article-title":"Dietary fat, fibre, satiation, and satiety\u2014a systematic review of acute studies","volume":"73","author":"Warrilow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8831855","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8831855","article-title":"NAC supplementation of hyperglycemic rats prevents the development of insulin resistance and improves antioxidant status but only alleviates general and salivary gland oxidative stress","volume":"2020","author":"Zalewska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2606120","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2606120","article-title":"The impact of high-fat diet on mitochondrial function, free radical production, and nitrosative stress in the salivary glands of wistar rats","volume":"2019","author":"Zalewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2017.01.002","article-title":"Insulin sensitizers improve the GLP-1 secretion and the amount of intestinal L cells on high-fat-diet\u2013induced catch-up growth","volume":"39","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12015","article-title":"Metabolic hormones in saliva: origins and functions","volume":"19","author":"Zolotukhin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6581970","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6581970","article-title":"Effect of N-acetylcysteine on antioxidant defense, oxidative modification, and salivary gland function in a rat model of insulin resistance","volume":"2018","author":"\u017bukowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1357730\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T04:56:01Z","timestamp":1711428961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1357730\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2024.1357730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1357730","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"article-number":"1357730"}}