{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:22:56Z","timestamp":1790803376383,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Some studies showed that a single session of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has the potential of modulating motor performance in healthy and athletes. To our knowledge, previously published systematic reviews have neither comprehensively investigated the effects of tDCS on athletic performance in both physical and psychological parameters nor investigated the effects of tDCS on high-level athletes. We examined all available research testing a single session of tDCS on strength, endurance, sport-specific performance, emotional states and cognitive performance for better application in competition and pre-competition trainings of national- or international-level athletes. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Embase, and Scopus up until to June 2023. Studies were eligible when participants had sports experience at a minimum of state and national level competitions, underwent a single session of tDCS without additional interventions, and received either sham tDCS or no interventions in the control groups. A total of 20 experimental studies (224 participants) were included from 18 articles. The results showed that a single tDCS session improved both physical and psychological parameters in 12 out of the 18 studies. Of these, six refer to the application of tDCS on the motor system (motor cortex, premotor cortex, cerebellum), five on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and two on temporal cortex. The most sensitive to tDCS are strength, endurance, and emotional states, improved in 67%, 75%, and 75% of studies, respectively. Less than half of the studies showed improvement in sport-specific tasks (40%) and cognitive performance (33%). We suggest that tDCS is an effective tool that can be applied to competition and pre-competition training to improve athletic performance in national- or international-level athletes. Further research would explore various parameters (type of sports, brain regions, stimulation protocol, athlete level, and test tasks) and neural mechanistic studies in improving efficacy of tDCS interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Systematic Review Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022326989<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    , identifier CRD42022326989.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1365530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T01:14:27Z","timestamp":1718759667000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Does a single session of transcranial direct current stimulation enhance both physical and psychological performance in national- or international-level athletes? A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinbi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Nitsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmelo M.","family":"Vicario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengxue","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8040536","article-title":"Short-term effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on endurance and maximal force production: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Alix-Fages","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-017-0114-z","article-title":"A pilot study comparing the metabolic profiles of elite-level athletes from different sporting disciplines","volume":"4","author":"Al-Khelaifi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Medicine-Open"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002143","article-title":"Kinematic and neuromuscular measures of intensity during plyometric jumps","volume":"34","author":"Andrade","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00090","article-title":"The ergogenic effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on exercise performance","volume":"8","author":"Angius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.08.052","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves inhibitory control and endurance performance in healthy individuals","volume":"419","author":"Angius","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37843-1","article-title":"The impact of bilateral anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the premotor and cerebellar cortices on physiological and performance parameters of gymnastic athletes: a randomized, cross-over, sham-controlled study","volume":"13","author":"Anoushiravani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs040","article-title":"Compensatory plasticity in the action observation network: virtual lesions of STS enhance anticipatory simulation of seen actions","volume":"23","author":"Avenanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.10.034","article-title":"Neural efficiency\" of experts' brain during judgment of actions: a high-resolution EEG study in elite and amateur karate athletes","volume":"207","author":"Babiloni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-022-02533-7","article-title":"The effects of concurrent bilateral anodal tDCS of primary motor cortex and cerebellum on corticospinal excitability: a randomized, double-blind sham-controlled study","volume":"227","author":"Behrangrad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00183","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation effects on athletes' cognitive performance: an exploratory proof of concept trial","volume":"7","author":"Borducchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001551","article-title":"Perceived sleep quality, mood states, and their relationship with performance among Brazilian elite athletes during a competitive period","volume":"31","author":"Brandt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.4171-09.2010","article-title":"Human middle temporal cortex, perceptual bias, and perceptual memory for ambiguous three-dimensional motion","volume":"30","author":"Brascamp","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0000000000000043","article-title":"Neural processes distinguishing elite from expert and novice athletes","volume":"27","author":"Callan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cognitive Behav. Neurology"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31828b2ce9","article-title":"Effects of prolonged intermittent exercise on perceptual-cognitive processes","volume":"45","author":"Casanova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-014-0607-y","article-title":"Understanding and modulating motor learning with cerebellar stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Celnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15540","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation and sporting performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of transcranial direct current stimulation effects on physical endurance, muscular strength and visuomotor skills","volume":"55","author":"Chinzara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2017.06.007","article-title":"Sport, time pressure, and cognitive performance","volume":"234","author":"Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002561","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation of the temporal lobe does not affect high-intensity work capacity","volume":"33","author":"Ciccone","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s41465-016-0003-2","article-title":"Noninvasive brain stimulation and neural entrainment enhance athletic performance\u2014a review","volume":"1","author":"Colzato","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cognitive Enhanc."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.12.004","article-title":"Movement-related desynchronization of alpha rhythms is lower in athletes than non-athletes: a high-resolution EEG study","volume":"121","author":"Del Percio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.05.061","article-title":"Is there a \"neural efficiency\" in athletes? A high-resolution EEG study","volume":"42","author":"Del Percio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2019.102507","article-title":"Testing the role of cognitive inhibition in physical endurance using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation over the prefrontal cortex","volume":"67","author":"Denis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619573","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.619573","article-title":"Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and other neurotrophins in elite athletes: potential markers of the use of transcranial direct current stimulation in sport","volume":"3","author":"Donati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00842","article-title":"Interictal heart rate variability analysis reveals lateralization of cardiac autonomic control in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"11","author":"Dono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2013.09.005","article-title":"Neural efficiency as a function of task demands","volume":"42","author":"Dunst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-140469","article-title":"Recurrence quantification analysis of surface electromyogram supports alterations in motor unit recruitment strategies by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"33","author":"Dutta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00243","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation and sports performance","volume":"11","author":"Edwards","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00160","article-title":"Working memory capacity as executive attention","volume":"11","author":"Engle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.3.363","article-title":"The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance","volume":"100","author":"Ericsson Ka","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-014-9320-2","article-title":"Brain electrical activities of dancers and fast ball sports athletes are different","volume":"9","author":"Ermutlu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogn. Neurodyn"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2022.113783","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation over the orbital prefrontal cortex maintains endurance performance in mentally fatigued swimmers","volume":"250","author":"Fortes","year":"","journal-title":"Physiology Behav."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2021-0281","article-title":"Brain stimulation over the motion-sensitive midtemporal area reduces deleterious effects of mental fatigue on perceptual-cognitive skills in basketball players","volume":"44","author":"Fortes","year":"","journal-title":"J. Sport and Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25143","article-title":"Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex increases cortical voluntary activation and neural plasticity","volume":"54","author":"Frazer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20201","article-title":"Cognitive effects of repeated sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with depression","volume":"23","author":"Fregni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9115","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2184-09.2009","article-title":"Modulation of cerebellar excitability by polarity-specific noninvasive direct current stimulation","volume":"29","author":"Galea","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0019","article-title":"Effects of bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex high-definition transcranial direct-current stimulation on physiological and performance responses at severe-intensity exercise domain in elite road cyclists","volume":"17","author":"Gallo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2020-0109","article-title":"Impacts of transcranial direct current stimulation on the action observation network and sports anticipation task","volume":"43","author":"Gold","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sport and Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2017.00072","article-title":"Neural efficiency\" of athletes' brain during visuo-spatial task: an fMRI study on table tennis players","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01429-6","article-title":"Mental fatigue and sport-specific psychomotor performance: a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Habay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02280","article-title":"Elite athletes' in-event competitive anxiety responses and psychological skills usage under differing conditions","volume":"8","author":"Hagan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B41","first-page":"402","article-title":"ANODAL TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION (TDCS) INCREASES ISOMETRIC STRENGTH OF SHOULDER ROTATORS MUSCLES IN HANDBALL PLAYERS","volume":"12","author":"Hazime","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.002","article-title":"The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on objective and subjective indexes of exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Holgado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11091370","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex in improving postural stability in healthy young adults","volume":"11","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. (Basel)"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.541480","article-title":"Caffeine withdrawal and high-intensity endurance cycling performance","volume":"29","author":"Irwin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0657-0","article-title":"Cortical control of postural responses","volume":"114","author":"Jacobs","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272738","article-title":"Systematic evaluation of the impact of stimulation intensity on neuroplastic after-effects induced by transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"595","author":"Jamil","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. physiology"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5449","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab169","article-title":"Incidental verbal semantic processing recruits the fronto-temporal semantic control network","volume":"31","author":"Jedidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0220363","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220363","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation to enhance athletic performance outcome in experienced bodybuilders","volume":"14","author":"Kamali","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.03.018","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over primary motor cortex leg area promotes dynamic balance task performance","volume":"127","author":"Kaminski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311420845","article-title":"Rewiring the brain: potential role of the premotor cortex in motor control, learning, and recovery of function following brain injury","volume":"26","author":"Kantak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15284","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0542-11.2011","article-title":"Prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation changes connectivity of resting-state networks during fMRI","volume":"31","author":"Keeser","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10040235","article-title":"Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation improves maximum isometric force production during isometric barbell squats","volume":"10","author":"Kenville","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.06.006","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on pain, mood and serum endorphin level in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a double blinded, randomized clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Khedr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.01.057","article-title":"Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation alters elbow flexor muscle recruitment strategies","volume":"7","author":"Krishnan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04233.x","article-title":"How does transcranial DC stimulation of the primary motor cortex alter regional neuronal activity in the human brain?","volume":"22","author":"Lang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000001457","article-title":"Can transcranial direct current stimulation improve the resistance strength and decrease the rating perceived scale in recreational weight-training experience?","volume":"30","author":"Lattari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050541","article-title":"Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on endurance performance in elite female rowers: a pilot, single-blinded study","volume":"12","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"62","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf238","article-title":"Pharmacological approach to the mechanisms of transcranial DC-stimulation-induced after-effects of human motor cortex excitability","volume":"125","author":"Liebetanz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.01.016","article-title":"Acute aerobic exercise enhances cortical connectivity between structures involved in shaping mood and improves self-reported mood: an EEG effective-connectivity study in young male adults","volume":"162","author":"Ligeza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788719","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.788719","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances muscle strength of non-dominant knee in healthy young males","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92670-6","article-title":"Acute effect of high-definition and conventional tDCS on exercise performance and psychophysiological responses in endurance athletes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Machado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.227","article-title":"Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Machado","year":"","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01127","article-title":"Is tDCS an adjunct ergogenic resource for improving muscular strength and endurance performance? A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Machado","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.01.037","article-title":"Influence of transcranial direct current stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on pain related emotions: a study using electroencephalographic power spectrum analysis","volume":"512","author":"Maeoka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.10.005","article-title":"Effects of bilateral anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the tongue primary motor cortex on cortical excitability of the tongue and tongue motor functions","volume":"13","author":"Maezawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsu052","article-title":"Neural underpinnings of superior action prediction abilities in soccer players","volume":"10","author":"Makris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Cognitive Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-022-06494-5","article-title":"The influence of a single transcranial direct current stimulation session on physical fitness in healthy subjects: a systematic review","volume":"241","author":"Marinus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.007","article-title":"Single-session anodal transcranial direct current stimulation to enhance sport-specific performance in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Maudrich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0451","article-title":"Defining training and performance caliber: a participant classification framework","volume":"17","author":"McKay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.113173","article-title":"A feasibility study of application and potential effects of a single session transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on competitive anxiety, mood state, salivary levels of cortisol and alpha amylase in elite athletes under a real-world competition","volume":"227","author":"Mehrsafar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0410","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: No effect on aerobic performance, heart rate, or rating of perceived exertion in a progressive taekwondo-specific test","volume":"15","author":"Mesquita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiology Perform."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2019.06.003","article-title":"Bi-hemispheric anodal transcranial direct current stimulation worsens taekwondo-related performance","volume":"66","author":"Mesquita","year":"","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2019.06.003","article-title":"Bi-hemispheric anodal transcranial direct current stimulation worsens taekwondo-related performance","volume":"66","author":"Mesquita","year":"","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.167","article-title":"An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function","volume":"24","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00695","article-title":"Primary motor cortex excitability in karate athletes: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study","volume":"8","author":"Monda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.04.019","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation influences the cardiac autonomic nervous control","volume":"497","author":"Montenegro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113351","article-title":"Effect of tDCS on well-being and autonomic function in professional male players after official soccer matches","volume":"233","author":"Moreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2022.2096262","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation during a prolonged cognitive task: the effect on cognitive and shooting performances in professional female basketball players","volume":"66","author":"Moreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0581-1","article-title":"Beyond the target area: an integrative view of tDCS-induced motor cortex modulation in patients and athletes","volume":"16","author":"Morya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroengineering Rehabilitation"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.10.096","article-title":"Effects of stimulus-response compatibility in mediating expert performance in baseball players","volume":"1189","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2009.11.006","article-title":"Characteristics of the athletes' brain: evidence from neurophysiology and neuroimaging","volume":"62","author":"Nakata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049916","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans","volume":"553","author":"Nitsche","year":"","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","author":"Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.57.10.1899","article-title":"Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans","volume":"57","author":"Nitsche","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321662994","article-title":"Facilitation of implicit motor learning by weak transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex in the human","volume":"15","author":"Nitsche","year":"","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1139\/h10-082","article-title":"Time to move beyond a brainless exercise physiology: the evidence for complex regulation of human exercise performance","volume":"36","author":"Noakes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Physiology Nutr. Metabolism"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091658","article-title":"Brain stimulation modulates the autonomic nervous system, rating of perceived exertion and performance during maximal exercise","volume":"49","author":"Okano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2022.2090489","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation of motor cortex enhances spike performances of professional female volleyball players","volume":"55","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8225","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15241","article-title":"Effects of acute exercise at different intensities on fine motor-cognitive dual-task performance while walking: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"54","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01213","article-title":"The impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on upper-limb motor performance in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656499","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.656499","article-title":"No effects of mental fatigue and cerebral stimulation on physical performance of master swimmers","volume":"12","author":"Penna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-021-00952-3","article-title":"Dissociating the role of dACC and dlPFC for emotion appraisal and mood regulation using cathodal tDCS","volume":"22","author":"Piretti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0054-4","article-title":"Studying and modifying brain function with non-invasive brain stimulation","volume":"21","author":"Polania","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21380","article-title":"Modulating cortico-striatal and thalamo-cortical functional connectivity with transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"33","author":"Polania","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1123\/IJSPP.2019-0910","article-title":"Bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex high-definition transcranial direct-current stimulation improves time-trial performance in elite cyclists","volume":"16","author":"Pollastri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiology Perform."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20562","article-title":"Voluntary activation and cortical activity during a sustained maximal contraction: an fMRI study","volume":"30","author":"Post","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2019.03.008","article-title":"Neural efficiency in basketball players is associated with bidirectional reductions in cortical activation and deactivation during multiple-object tracking task performance","volume":"144","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2021.1962238","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation reduces the negative impact of mental fatigue on swimming performance","volume":"54","author":"Salehi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00166","article-title":"Graph network analysis of immediate motor-learning induced changes in resting state BOLD","volume":"7","author":"Sami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1856933","article-title":"Acute effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on cycling and running performance. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Shyamali Kaushalya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1156241","article-title":"Mental fatigue impairs soccer-specific decision-making skill","volume":"34","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11425","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3887-12.2013","article-title":"Widespread modulation of cerebral perfusion induced during and after transcranial direct current stimulation applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"33","author":"Stagg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410386614","article-title":"Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Stagg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00128","article-title":"Changing brain networks through non-invasive neuromodulation","volume":"12","author":"To","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2022.0064","article-title":"Stimulation of the premotor cortex enhances interhemispheric functional connectivity in association with upper limb motor recovery in moderate-to-severe chronic stroke","volume":"13","author":"Unger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.4291-13.2014","article-title":"Structure of plasticity in human sensory and motor networks due to perceptual learning","volume":"34","author":"Vahdat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0473","article-title":"Enhancement of mood but not performance in elite athletes with transcranial direct-current stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.09.012","article-title":"Network hubs in the human brain","volume":"17","author":"van den Heuvel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000001985","article-title":"Modulation of isometric quadriceps strength in soccer players with transcrinal direct current stimulation: a crossover study","volume":"32","author":"Vargas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00533","article-title":"The effects of anodal-tDCS on corticospinal excitability enhancement and its after-effects: conventional vs. unihemispheric concurrent dual-site stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Vaseghi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1862306","article-title":"Does anodal tDCS improve basketball performance? A randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Veldema","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2020.1815638","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improves back-squat performance in intermediate resistance-training men","volume":"93","author":"Vieira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc Sport"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01503.x","article-title":"Upper-body kinematics in team-handball throw, tennis serve, and volleyball spike","volume":"24","author":"Wagner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6797","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43234-2","article-title":"Improvement of cognitive control and stabilization of affect by prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)","volume":"9","author":"Wiegand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-015-0673-x","article-title":"Working memory capacity, controlled attention and aiming performance under pressure","volume":"80","author":"Wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e328333dff2","article-title":"Functional MRI reveals expert-novice differences during sport-related anticipation","volume":"21","author":"Wright","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01817","article-title":"The role of medial frontal cortex in action anticipation in professional badminton players","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629323","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.629323","article-title":"Systemic review on transcranial electrical stimulation parameters and EEG\/fNIRS features for brain diseases","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.07.044","article-title":"Multi-session anodal tDCS enhances the effects of postural training on balance and postural stability in older adults with high fall risk: primary motor cortex versus cerebellar stimulation","volume":"11","author":"Yosephi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B121","first-page":"424","article-title":"A comparison of the mood state profiles of winning and losing female athletes","volume":"3","author":"Zandi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.02.005","article-title":"Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex area promotes implicit motor learning in a golf putting task","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1365530\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T01:14:31Z","timestamp":1718759671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1365530\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"references-count":122,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2024.1365530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1365530","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"article-number":"1365530"}}