{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:38:15Z","timestamp":1792701495156,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Trunk and shoulder strength are consistently shown to be involved in performance limitations, as well as contributing to stability, power output, and reducing the risk of injury. Although their biomechanical interaction is a critical aspect for athletes, there is limited research on the relationship between trunk and shoulder strength in sports where upper body mechanics are critical for optimal performance.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study examined the differences and relationships between trunk rotational strength and shoulder rotational strength among athletes participating in mixed martial arts (MMA), tennis, swimming, and baseball.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Maximal voluntary contraction tests were performed to evaluate strength of 39 professional adult male athletes from disciplines of MMA (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 6), tennis (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 11), swimming (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 11) and baseball (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 11). Peak force data were used in sports comparison and relationship analysis between trunk and shoulder rotation strength parameters.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The findings revealed a complex and significant relationship between trunk and shoulder strength, with unique patterns for each athletic discipline. Tennis players exhibited a strong correlation between trunk bilateral differences and internal shoulder rotation, while other disciplines demonstrated a more balanced use of trunk asymmetry. Swimmers displayed the best interactions between trunk and shoulder overall, emphasizing the aquatic environment\u2019s biomechanical demands. In MMA, the strongest correlation was between shoulder internal and external rotation with the trunk, mainly due to the number of defensive movements in addition to offensive ones. Baseball pitchers showed a significant correlation between internal\/external shoulder rotation strength ratio and trunk asymmetry.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    While no differences in peak force variables were found, unique relationships between trunk and shoulder rotational performance were discovered. The results suggest a long-term sport-specific adaptation of the trunk-shoulder interaction in sports that require upper limb power movements. It seems, that the relationship between the various parameters of trunk and shoulder was influenced by the movement stereotype of each sport. Therefore, recognition of sport-specific interactions is critical to the development of effective training programs that enhance performance and potentially reduce injury risk in different sports. Researchers and practitioners should focus on longitudinally monitoring fluctuations in TRS and SRS relationships throughout each sport season and examining potential associations with injury incidence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1371134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T05:28:01Z","timestamp":1714109281000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exploring the interplay of trunk and shoulder rotation strength: a cross-sport analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mikulas","family":"Hank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Miratsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin R.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Clarup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman","family":"Imal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdia Fallon","family":"Verbruggen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frantisek","family":"Zahalka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Maly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.34107\/yhpn9422.04121","article-title":"Analysis of trunk power and joint stresses between professional and collegiate pitchers","volume":"57","author":"Albiero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0015.7582","article-title":"Special fitness level of combat sports athletes: mixed martial arts (MMA) and Thai boxing (muay Thai) in the aspect of training experience","volume":"31","author":"Ambro\u017cy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Kinesiol. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2016-0028","article-title":"The relationship between maximum isometric strength and ball velocity in the tennis serve","volume":"53","author":"Baiget","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200109000-00004","article-title":"Isokinetic measurement of trunk muscle strength in women with chronic low-back pain","volume":"80","author":"Bayramoglu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1519\/ssc.0000000000000457","article-title":"A swim-specific shoulder strength and conditioning program for front crawl swimmers","volume":"41","author":"Bradley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001772","article-title":"The relationship between trunk rotation, upper quarter dynamic stability, and pitch velocity","volume":"32","author":"Bullock","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.4328\/derman.3494","article-title":"Sports related shoulder injuries","author":"\u00c7etinkaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthop. sports Med. guide Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2018-0035","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of isokinetic arm strength measurements in competitive swimmers","volume":"65","author":"Collado-Mateo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004246","article-title":"Relationships among shoulder rotational strength, range of motion, pitching kinetics, and pitch velocity in collegiate baseball pitchers","volume":"37","author":"Cross","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381221078537","article-title":"The clinician\u2019s guide to baseball pitching biomechanics","volume":"15","author":"Diffendaffer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Health A Multidiscip. Approach"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-13-00148","article-title":"Tennis injuries: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment","volume":"23","author":"Dines","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003585","article-title":"Relationships between punch impact force and upper-and lower-body muscular strength and power in highly trained amateur boxers","volume":"36","author":"Dunn","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0b013e3182471f03","article-title":"Anatomic and biomechanical fundamentals of the thrower shoulder","volume":"20","author":"Eckenrode","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Med. Arthrosc. Rev."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000145469.08559.0e","article-title":"An isokinetic profile of trunk rotation strength in elite tennis players","author":"Ellenbecker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8741","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148741","article-title":"Maximum isometric and dynamic strength of mixed martial arts athletes according to weight class and competitive level","volume":"19","author":"Folhes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410400022045","article-title":"Contributions of joint rotations to racquet speed in the tennis serve","volume":"24","author":"Gordon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738110377611","article-title":"Biomechanical considerations in the competitive swimmer\u2019s shoulder","volume":"2","author":"Heinlein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838120-00004","article-title":"Optimizing performance by improving core stability and core strength","volume":"38","author":"Hibbs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1939-7229","article-title":"Pitching biomechanics and shoulder function in baseball pitchers with scapular dyskinesis","volume":"44","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-47.3.10","article-title":"Glenohumeral rotational motion and strength and baseball pitching biomechanics","volume":"47","author":"Hurd","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181635d25","article-title":"Sport-specific characteristics of trunk muscles in collegiate wrestlers and judokas","volume":"22","author":"Iwai","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1134\/S036211972002006","article-title":"The friendly movements of the shoulder joints and trunk in healthy subjects","volume":"46","author":"Kaurkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Physiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.7752\/jpes.2017.s3147","article-title":"Comparison of isokinetic strengths and energy systems between short and middle distance swimmers","volume":"17","author":"Lawsirirat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Sport."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2010.04.002","article-title":"Improving trunk rotation","volume":"14","author":"Liebenson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"B24","volume-title":"Muscle synergies of the butterfly stroke: comparison between A history of shoulder pain during swimming","author":"Matsuura","year":"2022"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-5425(90)90024-h","article-title":"Measured and modelled static and dynamic axial trunk torsion during twisting in males and females","volume":"12","author":"McGill","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0451","article-title":"Defining training and performance caliber: a participant classification framework","volume":"17","author":"McKay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003212","article-title":"Influence of a functional core stability program on trunk and knee joint biomechanics in female athletes during lateral movements","volume":"35","author":"Mornieux","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1519\/ssc.0000000000000596","article-title":"The pallof press","volume":"43","author":"Mullane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Strength Cond. J."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-020-03634-2","article-title":"Tennis overuse injuries in the upper extremity","volume":"50","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.18.3.243","article-title":"Contributions of rotations of the trunk and upper extremity to hand velocity during front crawl swimming","volume":"18","author":"Payton","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6673-2-3","article-title":"Core strength: a new model for injury prediction and prevention","volume":"2","author":"Peate","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0426-4","article-title":"The role of trunk muscle strength for physical fitness and athletic performance in trained individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Prieske","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.5604\/20815735.1223402","article-title":"The course of the MMA fights as a part of KSW federation - as the examples of the heavy weight \"fight of the night","volume":"7","author":"Pujszo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Combat. Sports Martial Arts"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2010.12.001","article-title":"Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research","volume":"6","author":"Richardson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"Biomechanical studies on the interrelation between trunk muscle strength and sports performance","author":"Roth","year":"2019"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29775","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.29775","article-title":"The correlation between the strength of the shoulder and trunk muscular systems in elite adolescent water polo athletes","volume":"14","author":"Sioutis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"15","article-title":"Organism adaptations on resistance training \u2013 systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Stefan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sport Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.17.2.164","article-title":"Relationship of pelvis and upper torso kinematics to pitched baseball velocity","volume":"17","author":"Stodden","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.7752\/jpes.2017.04287","article-title":"Kinematic and kinetic analysis of throwing a straight punch: the role of trunk rotation in delivering a powerful straight punch","volume":"17","author":"Tong-Iam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Sport."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0000000000000019","article-title":"The biomechanics of throwing: simplified and cogent","volume":"22","author":"Weber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med. Arthrosc. Rev."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2021.09.004","article-title":"Effectiveness of shoulder injury prevention programs in an overhead athletic population: a systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Wright","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport."},{"key":"B41","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Science and practice of core stability and strength testing","author":"Zemkova","year":"2018"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-181131","article-title":"Between-side differences in trunk rotational power in athletes trained in asymmetric sports","volume":"32","author":"Zemkova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8366","DOI":"10.3390\/app10238366","article-title":"Sport-specific differences in power\u2013velocity\u2013force profiling during trunk rotations at different loads","volume":"10","author":"Zemkov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.7752\/jpes.2016.04206","article-title":"Correlation between the muscle strengths of the trunk and upper limbs","volume":"16","author":"Zenovia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Sport."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3233\/ies-220110","article-title":"Relationships between isokinetic knee and shoulder peak strength with maximal punch force in boxing athletes","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Isokinet. Exerc. Sci. Prepr."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1371134\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T05:28:08Z","timestamp":1714109288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1371134\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2024.1371134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1371134","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"article-number":"1371134"}}