{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:20:28Z","timestamp":1790709628191,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ants are capable of learning long visually guided foraging routes with limited neural resources. The visual scene memory needed for this behaviour is mediated by the mushroom bodies; an insect brain region important for learning and memory. In a visual navigation context, the mushroom bodies are theorised to act as familiarity detectors, guiding ants to views that are similar to those previously learned when first travelling along a foraging route. Evidence from behavioural experiments, computational studies and brain lesions all support this idea. Here we further investigate the role of mushroom bodies in visual navigation with a spiking neural network model learning complex natural scenes. By implementing these networks in GeNN\u2013a library for building GPU accelerated spiking neural networks\u2013we were able to test these models offline on an image database representing navigation through a complex outdoor natural environment, and also online embodied on a robot. The mushroom body model successfully learnt a large series of visual scenes (400 scenes corresponding to a 27 m route) and used these memories to choose accurate heading directions during route recapitulation in both complex environments. Through analysing our model\u2019s Kenyon cell (KC) activity, we were able to demonstrate that KC activity is directly related to the respective novelty of input images. Through conducting a parameter search we found that there is a non-linear dependence between optimal KC to visual projection neuron (VPN) connection sparsity and the length of time the model is presented with an image stimulus. The parameter search also showed training the model on lower proportions of a route generally produced better accuracy when testing on the entire route. We embodied the mushroom body model and comparator visual navigation algorithms on a Quanser Q-car robot with all processing running on an Nvidia Jetson TX2. On a 6.5 m route, the mushroom body model had a mean distance to training route (error) of 0.144 \u00b1 0.088 m over 5 trials, which was performance comparable to standard visual-only navigation algorithms. Thus, we have demonstrated that a biologically plausible model of the ant mushroom body can navigate complex environments both in simulation and the real world. Understanding the neural basis of this behaviour will provide insight into how neural circuits are tuned to rapidly learn behaviourally relevant information from complex environments and provide inspiration for creating bio-mimetic computer\/robotic systems that can learn rapidly with low energy requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1379977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T10:59:53Z","timestamp":1716375593000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Investigating visual navigation using spiking neural network models of the insect mushroom bodies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Oluwaseyi Oladipupo","family":"Jesusanmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amany Azevedo","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Domcsek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Philippides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Nowotny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1162\/isal_a_00645","article-title":"Robustness of the infomax network for view based navigation of long routes","author":"Amin","year":"2023"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004683","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PCBI.1004683","article-title":"Using an insect mushroom body circuit to encode route memory in complex natural environments","volume":"12","author":"Ardin","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS Comput. 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