{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:19:50Z","timestamp":1789647590605,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>While shoulder injuries resulting from the bench press exercise are commonly reported, no biomechanical evidence for lowering injury risk is currently available. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare musculoskeletal shoulder loads and potential injury risk during several bench press variations. Ten experienced strength athletes performed 21 technical variations of the barbell bench press, including variations in grip width of 1,1.5 and 2 bi-acromial widths (BAW), shoulder abduction angles of 45\u00b0, 70\u00b0 and 90\u00b0, and scapula poses including neutral, retracted, and released conditions. Motions and forces were recorded by an opto-electronic measurement system and an instrumented barbell. An OpenSim musculoskeletal shoulder model was employed to estimate joint reaction forces in the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints. Time-series of joint reaction forces were compared between techniques by statistical non-parametric mapping. Results showed that narrower grip widths of <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m1\"><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>1.5<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> BAW decreased acromioclavicular compression (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), which may decrease the risk for distal clavicular osteolysis. Moreover, scapula retraction, as well as a grip width of <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m2\"><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>1.5<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> BAW (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), decreased glenohumeral posterior shear force components and rotator cuff activity and may decrease the risk for glenohumeral instability and rotator cuff injuries. Furthermore, results showed that mediolaterally exerted barbell force components varied considerably between athletes and largely affected shoulder reaction forces. It can be concluded that the grip width, scapula pose and mediolateral exerted barbell forces during the bench press influence musculoskeletal shoulder loads and the potential injury risk. Results of this study can contribute to safer bench press training guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1393235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T05:05:19Z","timestamp":1718946319000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effects of bench press technique variations on musculoskeletal shoulder loads and potential injury risk"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Noteboom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Belli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. J. M.","family":"Hoozemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Seth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. E. J.","family":"Veeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. C. T.","family":"Van Der Helm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"ACSM\u2019s resource manual for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription","year":"2012"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0295003","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295003","article-title":"Does enforcing glenohumeral joint stability matter? a new rapid muscle redundancy solver highlights the importance of non-superficial shoulder muscles","volume":"18","author":"Belli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000382","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000382","article-title":"Narrative review of injuries in powerlifting with special reference to their association to the squat, bench press and deadlift","volume":"4","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport\u2014Exercise Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9290(99)00122-0","article-title":"Measuring muscle and joint geometry parameters of a shoulder for modeling purposes","volume":"32","author":"Breteler","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. biomechanics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.901024","article-title":"Opensim: open-source software to create and analyze dynamic simulations of movement","volume":"54","author":"Delp","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182281939","article-title":"Vertical and lateral forces applied to the bar during the bench press in novice lifters","volume":"25","author":"Duffey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Strength & Cond. Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1519\/1533-4295(2001)023<0010:asifrt>2.0.co;2","article-title":"Avoiding shoulder injury from resistance training","volume":"23","author":"Durall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Strength & Cond. J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260052301","article-title":"Upper extremity weight-training modifications for the injured athlete. A clinical perspective","volume":"26","author":"Fees","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. sports Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2018.1544662","article-title":"Differences in the one-repetition maximum and load-velocity profile between the flat and arched bench press in competitive powerlifters","author":"Garc\u00eda-Ramos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1519\/1533-4295(2003)025<0050:bpb>2.0.co;2","article-title":"Bench press barbell","volume":"25","author":"Graham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Strength & Cond. J."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1519\/00126548-200710000-00001","article-title":"The affect of grip width on bench press performance and risk of injury","volume":"29","author":"Green","year":"2007","journal-title":"Strength & Cond. J."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmilitary-2020-001648","article-title":"Pectoralis major injuries in the military: a surveillance approach to reduce an underestimated problem","volume":"168","author":"Hauschild","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Mil. Health"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"6","article-title":"Bench press: more harm than good","volume":"80","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Inj. Bull."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637066","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2020.637066","article-title":"A biomechanical analysis of wide, medium, and narrow grip width effects on kinematics, horizontal kinetics, and muscle activity on the sticking region in recreationally trained males during 1-rm bench pressing","volume":"2","author":"Larsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5203","DOI":"10.3390\/app13085203","article-title":"Electromyographic activity of the pectoralis major muscle during traditional bench press and other variants of pectoral exercises: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"L\u00f3pez-Vivancos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003391","article-title":"Bench press at full range of motion produces greater neuromuscular adaptations than partial executions after prolonged resistance training","volume":"36","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Cava","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003948","article-title":"Understanding bench press biomechanics\u2014the necessity of measuring lateral barbell forces","volume":"36","author":"Mausehund","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-016-2446-z","article-title":"Distal clavicular osteolysis in adults: association with bench pressing intensity","volume":"45","author":"Nevalainen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.06.015","article-title":"Validation of the delft shoulder and elbow model using in-vivo glenohumeral joint contact forces","volume":"43","author":"Nikooyan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. biomechanics"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2010.527837","article-title":"One-dimensional statistical parametric mapping in python","volume":"15","author":"Pataky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. methods biomechanics Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2017-0047","article-title":"The effects of bench press variations in competitive athletes on muscle activity and performance","volume":"57","author":"Saeterbakken","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659202000418","article-title":"Nontraumatic clavicular osteolysis in weight lifters","volume":"20","author":"Scavenius","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. sports Med."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"94","article-title":"Distal clavicular osteolysis: a review of the literature","volume":"66","author":"Schwarzkopf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. NYU Hosp. Jt. Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2019.00090","article-title":"Muscle contributions to upper-extremity movement and work from a musculoskeletal model of the human shoulder","volume":"13","author":"Seth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. neurorobotics"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006223","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006223","article-title":"Opensim: simulating musculoskeletal dynamics and neuromuscular control to study human and animal movement","volume":"14","author":"Seth","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0141028","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141028","article-title":"A biomechanical model of the scapulothoracic joint to accurately capture scapular kinematics during shoulder movements","volume":"11","author":"Seth","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.piutam.2011.04.021","article-title":"Opensim: a musculoskeletal modeling and simulation framework for in silico investigations and exchange","volume":"2","author":"Seth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Iutam"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"85","article-title":"Occurrence of bioccipital tendonitis\/rotator cuff tendonitis in the subjects involved in bench-press activities in gymnasium","volume":"1","author":"Sharma","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Sci. Physiother."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)90065-5","article-title":"A finite element musculoskeletal model of the shoulder mechanism","volume":"27","author":"Van der Helm","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. biomechanics"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsb.8.1.1","article-title":"The effect of grip width on bench press performance","volume":"8","author":"Wagner","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomechanics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1393235\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T05:05:25Z","timestamp":1718946325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1393235\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2024.1393235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1393235","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"article-number":"1393235"}}