{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:13:27Z","timestamp":1792113207837,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on the quantitative and qualitative fusion data of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western medicine, a diabetic foot (DF) prediction model was established through combining the objectified parameters of TCM and Western medicine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ResNet-50 deep neural network (DNN) was used to extract depth features of tongue demonstration, and then a fully connected layer (FCL) was used for feature extraction to obtain aggregate features. Finally, a non-invasive DF prediction model based on tongue features was realized.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the 391 patients included, there were 267 DF patients, with their BMI (25.2 vs. 24.2) and waist-to-hip ratio (0.953 vs. 0.941) higher than those of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) group. The diabetes (15 years vs. 8 years) and hypertension durations (10 years vs. 7.5 years) in DF patients were significantly higher than those in T2DM group. Moreover, the plantar hardness in DF patients was higher than that in T2DM patients. The accuracy and sensitivity of the multi-mode DF prediction model reached 0.95 and 0.9286, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We established a DF prediction model based on clinical features and objectified tongue color, which showed the unique advantages and important role of objectified tongue demonstration in the DF risk prediction, thus further proving the scientific nature of TCM tongue diagnosis. Based on the qualitative and quantitative fusion data, we combined tongue images with DF indicators to establish a multi-mode DF prediction model, in which tongue demonstration and objectified foot data can correct the subjectivity of prior knowledge. The successful establishment of the feature fusion diagnosis model can demonstrate the clinical practical value of objectified tongue demonstration. According to the results, the model had better performance to distinguish between T2DM and DF, and by comparing the performance of the model with and without tongue images, it was found that the model with tongue images performed better.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1473659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T06:32:03Z","timestamp":1733207523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Predicting the diabetic foot in the population of type 2 diabetes mellitus from tongue images and clinical information using multi-modal deep learning"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhikui","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690220066013","article-title":"Reproducible measurements to quantify cutaneous involvement in scleroderma","volume":"131","author":"Aghassi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734618808168","article-title":"To smoke or not to smoke: cigarettes have a negative effect on wound healing of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"17","author":"\u00c1lvaro-Afonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Low. Extrem Wounds"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-S002","article-title":"2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2022","volume":"45","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615439","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence","volume":"376","author":"Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aott.2017.07.001","article-title":"Factors affecting lifespan following below-knee amputation in diabetic patients","volume":"51","author":"Beyaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Traumatol. Turc"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v9.i12.209","article-title":"Treatment approach to type 2 diabetes: past, present and future","volume":"9","author":"Blaslov","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.21614\/chirurgia.113.5.644","article-title":"Skin grafting in the treatment of diabetic foot soft tissue defects","volume":"113","author":"Bordianu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chir. (Bucur)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080008","article-title":"Diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular diseases in the physical therapy setting","volume":"88","author":"Cade","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411042632117","article-title":"Effect of foot sole hardness, thickness and footwear on foot pressure distribution parameters in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"218","author":"Charanya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. H."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10011-7","article-title":"An in vivo model for overloading-induced soft tissue injury","volume":"12","author":"Chatzistergos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2022.103816","article-title":"Shore hardness is a more representative measurement of bulk tissue biomechanics than of skin biomechanics","volume":"105","author":"Chatzistergos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0278-5","article-title":"Genetics of diabetes mellitus and diabetes complications","volume":"16","author":"Cole","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2020.03.003","article-title":"Emerging technologies for the prevention and management of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"29","author":"Cw","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. tissue viability"},{"key":"B14","volume-title":"Application of machine learning in ultrasound image recognition of thyroid malignant nodules and tongue image classification in traditional Chinese medicine","author":"Dong","year":"2021"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-018-2840-6","article-title":"Application of computer-aided tongue inspection for preliminary screening of esophageal cancer","volume":"24","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.03.007","article-title":"An inverse finite-element model of heel-pad indentation","volume":"39","author":"Erdemir","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0316-z","article-title":"A guide to deep learning in healthcare","volume":"25","author":"Esteva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"Softmax units for multinoulli output distributions","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2016"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2005.02.001","article-title":"Changing associations between progressive cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and carotid atherosclerosis with increasing duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Gotts\u00e4ter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"19","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot in China","volume":"48","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2016.3466","article-title":"Potential screening and early diagnosis method for cancer: tongue diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-020-09600-8","article-title":"Machine learning and artificial intelligence: definitions, applications, and future directions","volume":"13","author":"Helm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127647","article-title":"Reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks","volume":"313","author":"Hinton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1345-6","article-title":"Foot callus thickness does not trade off protection for tactile sensitivity during walking","volume":"571","author":"Holowka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.06.005","article-title":"Diabetic effects on microchambers and macrochambers tissue properties in human heel pads","volume":"24","author":"Hsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13200","article-title":"Risk factors for the recurrence of diabetic foot ulcers among diabetic patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22093","article-title":"Durometry for the assessment of skin disease in systemic sclerosis","volume":"55","author":"Kissin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1600","article-title":"Preventing diabetic foot ulcer recurrence in high-risk patients: use of temperature monitoring as a self-assessment tool","volume":"30","author":"Lavery","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","article-title":"Deep learning","volume":"521","author":"LeCun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9907236","article-title":"Objective measurement of red grapefruit juice color","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B31","article-title":"A collection of definitions of intelligence","volume-title":"IOS press: frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","author":"Legg","year":"2007"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-3203(01)00021-8","article-title":"Tongue image matching using color content","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"5501","article-title":"The segmentation of the body of the tongue based on the improved snake algorithm in traditional Chinese medicine","volume-title":"Fifth world congress on intelligent control and automation","author":"Li","year":"2004"},{"key":"B34","first-page":"586","article-title":"A novel method of tongue image recognition","volume-title":"The fifth international conference on computer and information technology (CIT'05)","author":"Li","year":"2005"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66805-5_32","article-title":"A tongue image segmentation method based on enhanced HSV convolutional neural network","volume-title":"Cooperative design, visualization, and engineering","author":"Li","year":"2017"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2021.103693","article-title":"A tongue features fusion approach to predicting prediabetes and diabetes with machine learning","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inf."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7684714","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7684714","article-title":"Research of the distribution of tongue features of diabetic population based on unsupervised learning technology","volume":"2022","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105935","article-title":"A multi-step approach for tongue image classification in patients with diabetes","volume":"149","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B39","volume-title":"Research on tongue segmentation model based on deep learning technology and exploration of intelligent application of tongue image","author":"Li","year":"2021"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076816688346","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"110","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2015.07.001","article-title":"TCM tongue diagnosis index of early-stage breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Lo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2018.294","article-title":"The burden of diabetes, its oral complications and their prevention and management","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open access Macedonian J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3585617","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3585617","article-title":"The diabetic foot","volume":"2017","author":"Migdalis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06851-7","article-title":"Potential predictive effect of mechanical properties of the plantar skin and superficial soft tissue, and vibration perception on plantar loading during gait in individuals with diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Monteiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.02.002","article-title":"Can plantar soft tissue mechanics enhance prognosis of diabetic foot ulcer?","volume":"126","author":"Naemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e253","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30154-8","article-title":"Digital pathology and artificial intelligence","volume":"20","author":"Niazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.831534","article-title":"Computerized tongue diagnosis based on Bayesian networks","volume":"51","author":"Pang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2005.01.010","article-title":"Tongue image analysis for appendicitis diagnosis","volume":"175","author":"Pang","year":"","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"B49","first-page":"946","article-title":"The bi-elliptical deformable contour and its application to automated tongue segmentation in Chinese medicine","volume-title":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","author":"Pang","year":""},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imr.2020.100493","article-title":"Tongue features of patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Pang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Integr. Med. Res."},{"key":"B51","first-page":"79","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and its application in different areas","volume":"4","author":"Pannu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15567","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015567","article-title":"The tongue features associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"98","author":"Pc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-016-9567-6","article-title":"Quality of life in Portuguese patients with diabetic foot ulcer before and after an amputation surgery","volume":"23","author":"Pedras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"B54","first-page":"171","article-title":"Visualization techniques for tongue analysis in traditional Chinese medicine","volume-title":"Medical imaging 2004: visualization, image-guided procedures, and display","author":"Pham","year":"2004"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/s1056-8727(98)00022-1","article-title":"Hardness of plantar skin in diabetic neuropathic feet","volume":"13","author":"Piaggesi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m441","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m441","article-title":"Calculating the sample size required for developing a clinical prediction model","volume":"368","author":"Riley","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14151","article-title":"Foot ulceration and its association with mortality in diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Saluja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708742","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.708742","article-title":"A new approach of fatigue classification based on data of tongue and pulse with machine learning","volume":"12","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469580211060781","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580211060781","article-title":"Correlation analysis of data of tongue and pulse in patients with disease fatigue and sub-health fatigue","volume":"59","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-011-0702-6","article-title":"Objectified study on tongue images of patients with lung cancer of different syndromes","volume":"17","author":"Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734603258601","article-title":"The role of skin hardness, thickness, and sensory loss on standing foot power in the development of plantar ulcers in patients with diabetes mellitus--a preliminary study","volume":"2","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Low. Extrem Wounds"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020539","article-title":"Reliability and validity of shore hardness in plantar soft tissue biomechanics","volume":"24","author":"Tonna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5975903","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5975903","article-title":"Risk factors for macro- and microvascular complications among older adults with diagnosed type 2 diabetes: findings from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing","volume":"2016","author":"Tracey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2021.30.Sup6.S34","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcer management in a multidisciplinary foot centre: one-year healing, amputation and mortality rate","volume":"30","author":"Van","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e104","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-0339","article-title":"Computational radiomics system to decode the radiographic phenotype","volume":"77","author":"van Griethuysen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30463-0_63","article-title":"JSEG based color separation of tongue image in traditional Chinese medicine","volume-title":"Progress in pattern recognition, image analysis and applications","author":"Wang","year":"2004"},{"key":"B67","first-page":"1181","article-title":"An image analysis system for tongue diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine","volume-title":"Computational and information science","author":"Wang","year":"2005"},{"key":"B68","volume-title":"Diagnostics of traditional Chinese medicine","author":"Wu","year":"2006"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12952","article-title":"Review of the role of cigarette smoking in diabetic foot","volume":"10","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111367","article-title":"Modeling of diagnosis for metabolic syndrome by integrating symptoms into physiochemical indexes","volume":"137","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5556057","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5556057","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: combining fundus photography with traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic methodology","volume":"2021","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-171316","article-title":"Objective research on tongue manifestation of patients with eczema","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16018","DOI":"10.2196\/16018","article-title":"Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of tongue coating diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine using smartphones: quasi-delphi study","volume":"8","author":"Zc","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2016.1231932","article-title":"Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.107096","article-title":"Human-computer interaction based health diagnostics using ResNet34 for tongue image classification","volume":"226","author":"Zhuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1473659\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T06:32:13Z","timestamp":1733207533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1473659\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2024.1473659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1473659","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"article-number":"1473659"}}