{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T06:40:29Z","timestamp":1781419229514,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the physical and physiological profile of elite military divers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The profile included anthropometric (height, weight, fat free mass, fat mass, percent body fat), performance testing (<jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent=\"true\"><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">V<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>\u02d9<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula><jats:sc>o<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>max, 3-mile run (4.82 km), 0.5-mile swim (0.8 km), weighted pull-ups, estimated 1-rep max for bench and deadlift, and broad jump) and physiological functioning via the awake response (cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anthropometric and performance results presented as MEAN \u00b1 SE include: age: 28.0 \u00b1 0.5 years; height: 70.7 \u00b1 0.3 in (179.6 \u00b1 0.8 cm); weight: 193.3 \u00b1 2.0 lbs (87.9 \u00b1 0.9 kg); body fat percentage: 18.2% \u00b1 0.6%; <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent=\"true\"><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">V<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>\u02d9<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula><jats:sc>o<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>max: 55.3 \u00b1 0.7 ml kg <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> \u00b7 min<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>; bench-press 1RM: 278.7 \u00b1 7.7 lbs (126.8 \u00b1 3.5 kg); deadlift 1RM: 397.9 \u00b1 10.6 lbs (172.7 \u00b1 4.8 kg). Significant associations were found between anthropometric measures and measures of magnitude in testosterone and DHEA. Physical performance metrics showed significant associations with summary parameters in all salivary hormones, with quartile splits yielding significant differences in absolute DHEA and 1RM deadlift (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> (3, 30) = 2.97, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.048), AUCg testosterone and broad jump (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> (3, 37) = 2.86, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.05), and AUCg T:C ratio and 25lb weighted pull ups (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> (3, 35) = 4.66, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.008). Linear mixed models revealed a significant effects of evolution\/collection time point on AUCg DHEA at time points three (B = \u22122735.96, <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> (177.32) = \u22122.39, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.018) and four (B = \u22123089.92, <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> (178.97) = \u22122.7, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.008); and on peak testosterone at time point five (B = 28.12, <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> (215.4) = 2.4, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.017) with reference to time point one.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data presented herein indicate there are certain periods of training that elicit significant changes in testosterone and DHEA while cortisol remains stable throughout the training cycle. To our knowledge, this effort is the first to document changes in stress biomarkers over time in elite military divers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1505363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T05:30:20Z","timestamp":1747287020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physical and metabolic requirements of elite military divers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Karen R.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Palombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Givens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jake R.","family":"Bernards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794392","DOI":"10.3389\/fnetp.2021.794392","article-title":"Overtraining syndrome as a complex systems phenomenon","volume":"1","author":"Armstrong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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