{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:50:38Z","timestamp":1789750238591,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood flow restriction training (BFR training) has gained recognition as a potentially effective intervention; however, its specific effects on upper limb strength and fatigue levels remain inadequately explored. This study aims to systematically assess the impact of BFR training on immediate upper limb strength and fatigue through a meta-analytic approach, with the goal of providing empirical evidence to inform its practical implementation in clinical and athletic settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Search PubMed, CNKI, Web of Science and EBSCO databases, collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of BFR training on immediate upper limb strength and fatigue degree. Include and exclude literature through the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Employ Revman5.4 and Stata16.0 software for literature quality assessment and statistical analysis. Utilize sensitivity analysis and funnel plots to evaluate the stability of results and publication bias.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 32 articles and 524 subjects were incorporated. Meta-analysis revealed that upper limb BFR training significantly increased immediate muscle strength [<jats:italic>SMD<\/jats:italic> = 0.36, 95%<jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> (0.02, 0.70), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04]. Moreover, BFR training had a significant impact on fatigue degree [<jats:italic>SMD<\/jats:italic> = 1.38, 95%<jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> (0.81, 1.94), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.00001]. Given the high heterogeneity of the two groups of studies (<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 77%, 88%), subgroup analysis demonstrated that BFR training could significantly enhance bench press strength [<jats:italic>SMD<\/jats:italic> = 0.40, 95%<jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> (0.07, 0.74), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02]. When the exercise intensity was 40%\u201370% of one repetition maximum (1RM) [<jats:italic>SMD<\/jats:italic> = 1.16, 95%<jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> (0.83, 1.50), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001] and the compression intensity was \u226560% AOP [<jats:italic>SMD<\/jats:italic> = 0.64, 95%<jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> (0.24, 1.03), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.0002], the effects on immediate upper limb strength reached the maximum and were statistically significant respectively. Subgroup analysis of fatigue degree indicated that BFR training could increase the blood lactate value [<jats:italic>SMD<\/jats:italic> = 2.15, 95%<jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> (1.06, 3.23), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001] and subjective fatigue degree (rating of perceived exertion, RPE) [<jats:italic>SMD<\/jats:italic> = 1.11, 95%<jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> (0.36, 1.87), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004] of the subjects. Maximal effort [<jats:italic>SMD<\/jats:italic> = 2.61, 95%<jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> (2.14, 3.07), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001] and compressive strength of \u226560% AOP [<jats:italic>SMD<\/jats:italic> = 2.64, 95%<jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> (1.35, 4.22), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001] had the greatest and significant effects on fatigue degree.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Upper limb BFR training can significantly enhance bench press strength. BFR training with 40%\u201370% 1RM and \u226560% AOP is more likely to promote immediate upper limb strength. Compared with resistance training without compression, exhaustive training may have a negative effect on upper limb muscle strength. BFR training combined with maximal effort and \u226560% AOP can increase the blood lactate value and subjective fatigue degree of the subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link>http:\/\/inplasy.com<\/jats:ext-link>, identifier: INPLASY202430008.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1521145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T05:29:34Z","timestamp":1751347774000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The immediate effects of blood flow restriction training on upper limb muscle strength and fatigue level: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3806\/ijktr.5.9","article-title":"Skeletal muscle size and strength are increased following walk training with restricted leg muscle blood flow: implications for training duration and frequency","volume":"5","author":"Abe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Kaatsu Train. Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0245311","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0245311","article-title":"Effect of an inverted seated position with upper arm blood flow restriction on measures of elbow flexors neuromuscular performance","volume":"16","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12128","article-title":"Session rating of perceived exertion following resistance exercise with blood flow restriction","volume":"35","author":"AmiltonVieira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clincal Physiology And Funct. Imagine"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318200181b","article-title":"Influence of strength training background on postactivation potentiation response","volume":"25","author":"Batista Mauro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-024-00759-9","article-title":"The discrepancy between external and internal load\/intensity during blood flow restriction exercise: understanding blood flow restriction pressure as modulating factor","volume":"10","author":"Bielitzki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med. - Open"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3940-x","article-title":"Muscle fatigue in response to low-load blood flow-restricted elbow-flexion exercise: are there any sex differences?","volume":"118","author":"Borges","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31827ddf15","article-title":"The acute effect of different half squat set configurations on jump potentiation","volume":"27","author":"Boullosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res."},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Acute skeletal muscle responses to very low-load resistance exercise with and without the application of blood flow restriction in the upper body","volume-title":"Clinical physiology and functional imaging","author":"Buckner","year":"2018"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2019.4800","article-title":"Effects of photobiomodulation therapy and restriction of wrist extensor blood flow on grip: randomized clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"Carla Florianovicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photobiomodulation, Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.15942\/j.jcsu.2022.02.020","article-title":"The effect of low-intensity bench press pressure training on muscle activation and subjective fatigue","volume":"48","author":"Che","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chengdu Sport Univ."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1113\/JP279554","article-title":"Training with blood flow restriction increases femoral artery diameter and thigh oxygen delivery during knee-extensor exercise in recreationally trained men","volume":"598","author":"Christiansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003497","article-title":"Postactivation potentiation in blood flow-restricted complex training","volume":"34","author":"Cleary Christopher","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3109\/08990220.2013.834816","article-title":"Changes in cortical excitability and blood lactate after a fatiguing hand-grip exercise","volume":"31","author":"Coco","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Somatosens. and Mot. Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11587","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111587","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of muscle fatigue","volume":"22","author":"Constantin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12414","article-title":"Can blood flow restriction augment muscle activation during high-load training?","volume":"38","author":"Dankel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04308-6","article-title":"Lunge exercises with blood-flow restriction induces post-activation potentiation and improves vertical jump performance","volume":"120","author":"Doma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125231162732","article-title":"Cardiovascular and perceptual responses to resistance training with practical blood flow restriction induced by a non-elastic band vs. Pneumatic cuff: a crossover randomized study","volume":"130","author":"Duarte de Oliveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12141","article-title":"Muscular adaptations to fatiguing exercise with and without blood flow restriction","volume":"35","author":"Fahs","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Physiology Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20180552","article-title":"Theoretical applications of blood flow restriction training in managing chronic ankle instability in the basketball athlete corresponding author","volume":"13","author":"Faltus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3359-1","article-title":"Acute effects of exercise under different levels of blood-flow restriction on muscle activation and fatigue","volume":"116","author":"Fatela","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. J. Appl. physiology."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-011-1057-8","article-title":"Muscle endurance and mitochondrial function after chronic normobaric hypoxia: contrast of respiratory and limb muscles","volume":"463","author":"Gamboa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pfl\u00fcgers Archiv Eur. J. Physiology."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182510643","article-title":"Influence of compressive gear on powerlifting performance: role of blood flow restriction training","volume":"26","author":"Godawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200002000-00022","article-title":"Postactivation potentiation in endurance-trained male athletes","volume":"32","author":"Hamada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-019-00536-2","article-title":"Effects of low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction on the perceived exertion, muscular resistance and endurance in healthy young adults","volume":"15","author":"Henrique","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sport Sci. Health"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-2531.2007.01.010","article-title":"Quality evaluation of included studies: new suggestions for data extraction forms","author":"Higgins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Evidence-based Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01413.x","article-title":"Muscle fatigue experienced during maximal eccentric exercise is predictive of the plasma creatine kinase (CK) response","volume":"23","author":"Hody","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Scand. J. Med. and Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01018","article-title":"The effects of restriction pressures on the acute responses to blood flow restriction exercise","volume":"10","author":"Ilett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1519\/R-15984.1","article-title":"The reliability of the FitroDyne as a measure of muscle power","volume":"19","author":"Jennings","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-109555","article-title":"The cardiovascular and perceptual response to very low load blood flow restricted exercise","volume":"38","author":"Jessee","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12416","article-title":"The acute muscular response to blood flow-restricted exercise with very low relative pressure","volume":"38","author":"Jessee","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. Physiology and Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-018-0593-9","article-title":"Effects of load on the acute response of muscles proximal and distal to blood flow restriction","volume":"68","author":"Jessee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. physiological Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14561","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14561","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of blood flow restriction exercise in individuals with neurological disorders: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Jnsson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. and Sci. sports"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.2191.2008","article-title":"Differences in neuromuscular fatigue after aerobic and anaerobic running loads","volume":"25","author":"Kof","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Sport"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815ddac6","article-title":"Prevention of disuse muscular weakness by restriction of blood flow","volume":"40","author":"Kubota","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. and Sci. Sports and Exerc."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211017524","article-title":"Blood flow restriction training for the shoulder: a case for proximal benefit","volume":"49","author":"Lambert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. J. sports Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14799731231211845","DOI":"10.1177\/14799731231211845","article-title":"Effect on muscle strength after blood flow restriction resistance exercise in early in-patient rehabilitation of post-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease acute exacerbation, a single blinded, randomized controlled study","volume":"20","author":"Lau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chron. Respir. Dis. Jan-Dec"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000833","article-title":"The effect of cuff width on muscle adaptations after blood flow restriction training","volume":"48","author":"Laurentino","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"The effects of high-load bench press resistance training combined with different pressure stimuli on the activation of upper limb muscles in bodybuilding athletes","author":"Lei","year":"2023"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395283","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1395283","article-title":"The effects of blood flow restriction training on post activation potentiation and upper limb muscle activation: a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1556\/APhysiol.97.2010.2.5","article-title":"Endocrine responses to upper - and lower-limb resistance exercises with blood flow restriction","volume":"97","author":"Madarame","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Hung."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3052-1","article-title":"Mental fatigue does not affect maximal anaerobic exercise performance","volume":"115","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. J. Appl. Physiology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00208.2015","article-title":"Blood flow restriction training and the exercise pressor reflex: a call for concern","volume":"309","author":"Marty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1599315","article-title":"Perceptual changes to progressive resistance training with and without blood flow restriction","volume":"37","author":"Mattocks","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181d6867c","article-title":"The effects of exercise selection and rest interval on postactivation potentiation of vertical jump performance","volume":"24","author":"Mccann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.25791","article-title":"The systemic effects of blood flow restriction training: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002110","article-title":"Effects of blood-flow restriction combined with postactivation potentiation stimuli on jump performance in recreationally active men","volume":"32","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519882652","article-title":"The safety of blood flow restriction training as a therapeutic intervention for patients with musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Minniti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. sports Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512516677900","article-title":"Acute effects of resistance exercise with continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction on hemodynamic measurements and perceived exertion","volume":"124","author":"Neto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(04)80017-3","article-title":"The effects of rest interval length and training on quadriceps femoris muscle. Part I: knee extensor torque and muscle fatigue","volume":"44","author":"Pincivero","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.70252\/jlbh8684","article-title":"Ischemic preconditioning improves the bench-press maximal strength in resistance-trained men","volume":"16","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465231166959","article-title":"Optimal blood flow restriction occlusion pressure for shoulder muscle recruitment with upper extremity exercise","volume":"51","author":"Roehl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457539","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1457539","article-title":"Unpacking the blood flow restriction device features literature: multichambered bladder design","volume":"6","author":"Rolnick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482816","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1482816","article-title":"Why blood flow restriction cuff features are an important methodological consideration-a short commentary on \u201ccerebral cortex activation and functional connectivity during low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction: an fNIRS study\u201d","volume":"15","author":"Rolnick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083299","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1083299","article-title":"Effectiveness of either short-duration ischemic pre-conditioning, single-set high-resistance exercise, or their combination in potentiating bench press exercise performance","volume":"13","author":"Salagas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.32098\/mltj.01.2017.22","article-title":"Muscle fatigue in participants of indoor cycling","volume":"7","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Lab. Technol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663665","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.663665","article-title":"Effects of resting vs. Continuous blood-flow restriction-training on strength, fatigue resistance, muscle thickness, and perceived discomfort","volume":"12","author":"Schwiete","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2023.112093","article-title":"Acute effects of different external compression with blood flow restriction on force-velocity profile during squat and bench press exercises","volume":"40","author":"Serrano-Ramon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biol. sport."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3496-6","article-title":"Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular fatigue and performance during high-intensity cycling exercise in moderate hypoxia","volume":"117","author":"Smirmaul","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. J. Appl. Physiology"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.21660\/2019.61.4527","article-title":"The effects of Thai massage on leg muscle oxygenation and time to fatigue in healthy male subjects","volume":"17","author":"Sucharit","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. J. GEOMATE"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.16470\/j.csst.2020188","article-title":"The effects of pressure relaxation on fatigue-related indicators of high-intensity resistance training for cross-country skiing","volume":"56","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chin. J. Sports Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00428.2007","article-title":"Effect of expiratory muscle fatigue on exercise tolerance and locomotor muscle fatigue in healthy humans","volume":"104","author":"Taylor","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. J. Appl. Physiology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1556\/APhysiol.101.2014.2.3","article-title":"Muscle damage after low-intensity eccentric contractions with blood flow restriction","volume":"101","author":"Thiebaud","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acta Physiol. Hung."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2016.1151944","article-title":"Low-intensity electrical muscle stimulation induces significant increases in muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness","volume":"16","author":"Toshiaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24787","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of blood flow restriction training in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Care and Res."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243302","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1243302","article-title":"The effects of blood flow restriction training on PAP and lower limb muscle activation: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B66","volume-title":"Study on the immediate effects of low load resistance exercise on Muscle volume and strength under different blood flow restriction pressures","author":"Wang","year":"2021"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.16016\/j.2097-0927.202303123","article-title":"The immediate effects of two different blood flow restriction training methods on upper limb muscle activation in military academy students","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Army Med. Univ."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113752","article-title":"Does post-activation performance enhancement occur during the bench press exercise under blood flow restriction?","volume":"17","author":"Wilk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1003-983X.2020.01.013","article-title":"Pre activation enhancing effect and endurance exercise: performance, application, and regulation","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hubei Sports Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802626567","article-title":"Muscle activation during low-intensity muscle contractions with restricted blood flow","volume":"27","author":"Yasuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01489.x","article-title":"Effects of low-intensity, elastic band resistance exercise combined with blood flow restriction on muscle activation","volume":"24","author":"Yasuda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Scand. J. Med. and Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3073-9","article-title":"Effect of low-load resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction to volitional fatigue on muscle swelling","volume":"115","author":"Yasuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. J. Appl. Physiology"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2289-4202","article-title":"The effectiveness of blood flow restriction training on upper extremity muscle strength: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Yazgan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Kurortmed."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.1.2.74","article-title":"Transfer of strength and power training to sports performance","volume":"1","author":"Young","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"B75","volume-title":"The effects of different methods of unilateral limb strength training on contralateral limb strength","author":"Zhang","year":"2021"},{"key":"B76","volume-title":"Experimental study on the effect of pressure training on the explosive power of upper limbs of students majoring in Sanda","author":"Zhang","year":"2023"},{"key":"B77","volume-title":"Experimental study on the effect of low-load blood flow restriction training on upper limb strength training effectiveness in male college students","author":"Zhao","year":"2023"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1004-8790.2022.03.010","article-title":"The effects of pressure training on maximum strength and agility in male college tennis players","volume":"41","author":"Zhiyuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fujian Sports Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2025.1521145\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T05:29:41Z","timestamp":1751347781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2025.1521145\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2025.1521145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2025.1521145","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"article-number":"1521145"}}