{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:16:52Z","timestamp":1753892212076,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006033","name":"U.S. Poultry and Egg Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p> The poultry industry faces a major impediment in dealing with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Large outbreaks have resulted in depletion of available resources needed for desired depopulation methods, leading to the need for alternative methods. This study was conducted to explore alternative ventilation shutdown procedures and how they affect laying hens throughout the process. Three treatments evaluated were ventilation shutdown plus heat (VSDH), ventilation shutdown plus heat and relative humidity (VSDHRh), and ventilation shutdown plus carbon dioxide (VSDCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>). There were two phases used: one phase was used to study treatment effects on the hens\u2019 EEG responses from beginning to time of death and how laying hens behaved. Phase 2 examined how these treatments affected hen blood chemistry and HSP70 during the process. VSDCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> had a significantly quicker time of death (P = 0.0003), and VSDH and VSDHRh were not different. There were no differences in pre- or post-corticosterone levels in Phase 1; however, there was a trend (P = 0.07) toward significance in the post corticosterone levels. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) levels were higher (P = 0.0001) in the VSDCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> treatment, which could be due to the protein upregulation to prevent apoptosis. In Phase 2, VSDH corticosterone had a significantly greater treatment effect compared to VSDHRh and VSDCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. corticosterone levels were significantly greater than those of VSDHRh. There were no significant treatment effects in Phase 2 for HSP70 expression; however, the sequence was significant, with the HSP70 being significantly greater at 75% to the average time of death than at 100% to the average time of death. Overall, VSDHRh could be a good alternative for the industry to use to rapidly depopulate laying hen facilities. However, more research on this treatment and more in-depth stress parameters measured needs to be conducted to fully determine how it affects laying hens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1534385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T11:49:02Z","timestamp":1742557742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Determining how different ventilation shutdown plus methods change the electroencephalography, blood chemistry, corticosterone, and heat shock protein 70 of laying hens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kari L.","family":"Harding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmillie","family":"Boot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jackson O.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjay B.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramon D.","family":"Malheiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"AVMA guidelines for the depopulation of animals: 2019 edition\n          \n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6684","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez541","article-title":"Effects of acute and chronic heat stress on the performance, egg quality, body temperature, and blood gas parameters of laying hens","volume":"98","author":"Barret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1637\/10160-040912-Reg.1","article-title":"Mass emergency water-based foam depopulation of poultry","volume":"56","author":"Benson","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioOne Compl"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"98","article-title":"The effect of heat stress on the levels of certain blood constituents in chickens","volume":"38","author":"Bogin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Refuah Vet."},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"Guidelines for killing poultry using ventilation shutdown (VSD)\n          \n          \n          2009"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3382\/japr\/pfy036","article-title":"Evaluation of ventilation shutdown in a multi-level caged system","volume":"27","author":"Eberle-Krish","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. App. Poult. Res."},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"Congressional research service, update on the highly-pathogenic avian influenza outbreak of 2014-2015\n          \n          \n            \n              Greene\n              J. L.\n            \n          \n          \n          2015"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2019.06.005","article-title":"Prospects of HSP70 as a genetic marker for thermo-tolerance and immuno-modulation in animals under climate change scenario","volume":"5","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"volume-title":"Dictionary of farm animal behavior","year":"1995","author":"Hurnik","key":"B9"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(94)90358-1","article-title":"Laying hen responses to acute heat stress and carbon dioxide supplementation: I. Blood gas changes and plasma lactate accumulation","author":"Koelkebeck","year":"1994","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(95)00081-H","article-title":"Laying hen responses to acute heat stress and carbon dioxide supplementation: II. Changes in plasma enzymes, metabolites, and electrolytes","author":"Koelkebeck","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.07.024","article-title":"Heat stress decreases egg production of laying hens by inducing apoptosis of follicular cells via activating the FasL\/fas and TNF-\u03b1 systems","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2011.640307","article-title":"Physiological responses of laying hens during whole-house killing with carbon dioxide","volume":"52","author":"Mckeegan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2023.100381","article-title":"Can steam be usable as a \u201cplus\u201d for ventilation shutdown?","volume":"33","author":"Mendoza","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"Confirmations of highly pathogenic avian influenza in commercial and backyard flocks\n          \n          \n          2024"},{"journal-title":"Red Book","article-title":"Foreign animal disease preparedness and response plan: highly pathogenic avian influenza response plan","year":"2017","key":"B16"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00528","article-title":"Thermal regulation of the brain \u2013 an anatomical and physiological review for clinical neuroscientists","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2019.06.014","article-title":"Modelling and validating the indoor environment and supplemental heat requirement during ventilation shutdown (VSD) for rapid depopulation of hens and turkeys","volume":"184","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2025.1534385\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T11:49:13Z","timestamp":1742557753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2025.1534385\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"references-count":18,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2025.1534385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2025.1534385","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-042X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"article-number":"1534385"}}