{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T16:23:20Z","timestamp":1784305400015,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The development of effective rescue strategies is critical for enhancing rescue operations and ensuring firefighter safety. However, limited attention has been given to the exploration of rational rescue strategies in practice, particularly with regard to oxygen consumption. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the optimal rescue strategy by analyzing oxygen consumption across different rescue tasks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty male firefighters from the Guilin Fire and Rescue Detachment participated in the study. Their oxygen consumption was measured during the completion of running on flat ground and while running up and down three flights of stairs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results found that firefighters with excellent strength and conditioning levels, those carrying a 10 kg load, or those employing the shoulder-carrying technique had less oxygen consumption. Hand-carrying for a 10 kg load when running up or downstairs and shoulder-carrying for 20 and 30 kg loads while running on the ground resulted in lower oxygen consumption. Additionally, firefighters with excellent strength performance when running with 10 and 20 kg loads or those with excellent speed while running on the ground exhibited decreased oxygen consumption.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study suggests that firefighters with excellent strength performance are more suited for upstairs rescue tasks, while those with excellent speed performance are better suited for tasks on ground. It is recommended that medium to large loads be carried using the shoulder-carrying technique, and smaller loads be hand-carried when running up or down stairs. Overall, customizing rescue strategies based on firefighters\u2019 strength and conditioning, load characteristics, techniques, and specific task requirements is crucial for improving efficiency and reducing risks in rescue operations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1548031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T08:58:41Z","timestamp":1742806721000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Research on optimal strategy of different fire rescue tasks based on oxygen consumption"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jinyong","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiehuai","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2016.1145771","article-title":"Review of the health effects of wildland fire smoke on wildland firefighters and the public","volume":"28","author":"Adetona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798068","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.798068","article-title":"Aerobic exercise combination intervention to improve physical performance among the elderly: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. physiology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"043004","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-8585\/ac32a9","article-title":"Smart personal protective equipment (PPE): current PPE needs, opportunities for nanotechnology and e-textiles","volume":"6","author":"Basodan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Flexible Print. Electron."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.4.9105077","article-title":"Effect of elastic loading on variational activity of breathing","volume":"155","author":"Brack","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7249","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217249","article-title":"Applicability of physiological monitoring systems within occupational groups: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Bustos","year":"2021","journal-title":"SENSORS"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/s0034-5687(98)00063-2","article-title":"Effects of resistive loading on the pattern of breathing","volume":"113","author":"Calabrese","year":"1998","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-022-01847-7","article-title":"Scoping review of the occurrence and characteristics of firefighter exercise and training injuries","volume":"95","author":"Carr-Pries","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14251\/krcem.2015.11.11.01","article-title":"An influence factor analysis of leisure activities among firefighters in alleviating PTSD","volume":"11","author":"Chae","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crisisonomy"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.17548\/ksaf.2022.12.30.409","article-title":"A suggestion of a coaching model for fire incident commanders: based on the review of literature","volume":"40","author":"Chae","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean Soc. Sci. Art"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40419","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c05454","article-title":"Simulation of large-scale tunnel belt fire and smoke characteristics under a water curtain system based on CFD","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2023.01.005","article-title":"Occupational hazards in firefighting: systematic literature review","volume":"14","author":"Cuenca-Lozano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saf. Health Work"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1981.50.2.299","article-title":"Influence of small mechanical loads of variability of breathing pattern","volume":"50","author":"Daubenspeck","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. Respir. Environ. Exerc Physiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1108\/ijcst-07-2017-0103","article-title":"Effect of air gaps characteristics on thermal protective performance of firefighters' clothing A review","volume":"30","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cloth. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"269","article-title":"Elite firefighter\/first responder mindsets and outcome coping efficacy","volume":"14","author":"Dowdall-Thomae","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Ment. Health"},{"key":"B15","volume-title":"Firefighting Physical Fitness Training (China Firefighters and Rescuers College Planning Teaching Material)","author":"Du","year":"2020"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0951-z","article-title":"The relationship between training load and injury in athletes: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Eckard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B17","volume-title":"Physical fitness training for firefighters and Rescuers","author":"Editorial","year":"2020"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00640670","article-title":"External load can alter the energy cost of prolonged exercise","volume":"57","author":"Epstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003577","article-title":"What do firefighting ability tests tell us about firefighter physical fitness? A systematic review of the current evidence","volume":"34","author":"Fyock-Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120290938724","article-title":"Firefighter illnesses and injuries at a major fire disaster","volume":"6","author":"Gallanter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prehosp. Emerg. Care"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-0097-1","article-title":"Natural breath control during lifting tasks: effect of load","volume":"96","author":"Hagins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.18502\/ijph.v51i7.10088","article-title":"Building resilience in firefighters: a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Heydari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12219","DOI":"10.1002\/1348-9585.12219","article-title":"Health outcomes of psychosocial stress within firefighters: a systematic review of the research landscape","volume":"63","author":"Igboanugo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of different methods of load carrying on respiratory volumes","volume":"5","author":"Jokar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Res. Rehabilitation Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2114\/ahs1983.9.163","article-title":"Breath-by-breath gas exchange kinetics during constant-load work","volume":"9","author":"Koga","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Physiol. Anthropol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2013.05.005","article-title":"Evaluating the physical demands on firefighters using hand-carried stair descent devices to evacuate mobility-limited occupants from high-rise buildings","volume":"45","author":"Lavender","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2013.792681","article-title":"The impact of firefighter personal protective equipment and treadmill protocol on maximal oxygen uptake","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"37","article-title":"Safety evaluation criteria of safety shoes for forest fire safety","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crisisonomy"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22929","article-title":"The relationship between physical fitness and occupational injury in emergency responders: a systematic review","volume":"62","author":"Lentz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2021.2024020","article-title":"Quantifying self-contained breathing apparatus on physiology and psychological responses during firefighting: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0848-9","article-title":"The effect of load carriage on movement kinematics and respiratory parameters in children during walking","volume":"90","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962546","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.962546","article-title":"Effect of 12 weeks of complex training on occupational activities, strength, and power in professional firefighters","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2174\/1573402118666220103094201","article-title":"Blood pressure responses in firefighters: a review","volume":"18","author":"McMorrow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rev."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517515595029","article-title":"A review of garment ventilation strategies for structural firefighter protective clothing","volume":"86","author":"McQuerry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11111607","article-title":"Body composition is related to maximal effort treadmill test time in firefighters","volume":"11","author":"Mendelson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare Basel"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.31089\/1026-9428-2020-60-10-658-673","article-title":"Occupational risk factors and physical condition of firefighters","volume":"60","author":"Meshkov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meditsina Tr. i Promyshlennaya Ekol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2014.907447","article-title":"A review of heat transfer phenomena and the impact of moisture on firefighters\u2019 clothing and protection","volume":"57","author":"Morel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7480","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147480","article-title":"The use of fitness testing to predict occupational performance in tactical personnel: a critical review","volume":"18","author":"Orr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73741","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22479-x","article-title":"Lifestyle and environmental factors may induce airway and systemic inflammation in firefighters","volume":"29","author":"Orysiak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0119757","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119757","article-title":"Absolute vs. weight-related maximum oxygen uptake in firefighters: fitness evaluation with and without protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus among age group","volume":"10","author":"Perroni","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300184413","article-title":"Biomechanical and metabolic effects of varying backpack loading on simulated marching","volume":"43","author":"Quesada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bcr.0000138290.49063.95","article-title":"Firefighter burn injuries: a 10-year longitudinal study","volume":"25","author":"Rabbitts","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Rehabil."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17487-6","article-title":"Evaluation of the relationship between occupational-specific task performance and measures of physical fitness, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal health in firefighters","volume":"24","author":"Ras","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-010-0188-3","article-title":"Assessment of factors affecting the continuing performance of firefighters' protective clothing: a literature review","volume":"47","author":"Rezazadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"FIRE Technol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3357\/asem.2693.2010","article-title":"Oxygen consumption during walking and running under fractional weight bearing conditions","volume":"81","author":"Ruckstuhl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.25.1553","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of walking with and without nordic pole on upper extremity and lower extremity muscle activation","volume":"25","author":"Shim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0291045","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291045","article-title":"Effects of aerobic exercise on body self-esteem among Chinese college students: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Shu","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004293","article-title":"Prevention of lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries in tactical and first responder populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials from 1955 to 2020","volume":"37","author":"Sinnott","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. STRENGTH Cond. Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.2148","article-title":"Comparison of spatiotemporal gait parameters with a spinal orthosis and without a spinal orthosis on level ground and stairs","volume":"28","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.103115","article-title":"What is known and what remains unexplored:A review of the firefighter information technologies literature","volume":"78","author":"Weidinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"B51","volume-title":"Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement","author":"Winter","year":"1987"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5018033","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5018033","article-title":"Research on the construction of college football classroom practice teaching system model based on big data analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52440-6","article-title":"Biomechanical characterization of firefighters running under different rescue tasks","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2025.1548031\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T08:59:11Z","timestamp":1742806751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2025.1548031\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2025.1548031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2025.1548031","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"article-number":"1548031"}}