{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:27:25Z","timestamp":1767626845319,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are born with or develop many physical limitations which affect their quality of life. Although studies involving cerebral oxygenation in the general population have been performed, such a study is yet to be conducted on individuals with DS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty-four participants (DS:27; non-DS:27) were tested for cerebral oxygenation during an incremental exercise test. Participants (38.9 \u00b1 5.9 years) were tested for \u0394HbO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and \u0394HHb using near-infrared spectroscopy. V\u0307O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> peak determination was performed with a standardised incremental treadmill protocol and the ventilatory threshold (VT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) were determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were no significant differences for <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent=\"true\"><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">V<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>\u02d9<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> between 80%VT, VT, RCP and <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent=\"true\"><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">V<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>\u02d9<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> peak, as well as VT\/ <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent=\"true\"><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">V<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>\u02d9<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> peak and RCP\/ <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m4\"><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent=\"true\"><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">V<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>\u02d9<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> peak between DS and non-DS groups (p &amp;gt; 0.05). Significant differences between DS and non-DS were reported for \u0394HbO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in the left and right prefrontal cortex for both males and females (p &amp;lt; 0.05) with medium to large effect sizes, but not for \u0394HHb (p &amp;gt; 0.05) (except for males regarding RPC). Significant main effects over exercise intensity for \u0394HbO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and \u0394HHb were noted for both groups, genders and hemispheres, but differences with respect to the \u0394HHb in transition from RCP to peak exercise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant different evolution for \u0394HbO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> over exercise intensity (80% VT, VT, RCP, VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> peak) between sedentary adults with and without DS was found. This \u0394HbO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> may possibly reflect previously reported executive function limitations and\/or the many physiological limitations that individuals with DS are born with or develop over time. Such speculations would need to be tested with future cause-effect studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1595710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T05:45:11Z","timestamp":1752126311000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cerebral oxygenation during submaximal and peak exercise for sedentary adults with and without down syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pieter-Henk","family":"Boer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12659","article-title":"Systematic review of sedentary behaviour in people with Down syndrome across the lifespan: a clarion call","volume":"33","author":"Agiovlasitis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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