{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:14:14Z","timestamp":1791875654906,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Quantifying exercise intensity through the lactate threshold (LT) is crucial for optimizing athletic training regimes. Traditional methods like maximal lactate steady state and graded exercise testing are valid but invasive and costly. Advances in smartwatch technology offer a non-invasive alternative for monitoring LT, though their measurement protocols and outcomes have been less validated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study evaluates the validity of three mainstream smartwatches (Huawei GT Runner\u00ae, Garmin Forerunner 265\u00ae or 265s\u00ae, and Coros Pace3\u00ae) in estimating lactate threshold heart rate (LT HR) and pace (LT Pace), comparing these to measurement protocols and results from the modified Dmax method in laboratory standards. One hundred healthy recreational runners underwent indoor graded exercise tests followed by outdoor tests using Huawei (n = 100), Garmin (n = 23), and Coros (n = 17) smartwatches to compare differences in testing protocols and LT HR and LT Pace.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The success rates for a single test were 78% for Huawei\u00ae, 65.22% for Garmin\u00ae, and 47.06% for Coros\u00ae. For LT HR, no significant differences were observed between smartwatch and DmaxMod estimates across all devices (p &amp;gt; 0.05). The Huawei\u00ae watch showed MAE = 10.66 bpm, MAPE = 6.32%; Garmin\u00ae: MAE = 11.44 bpm, MAPE = 7.15%; Coros\u00ae: MAE = 8.93 bpm, MAPE = 5.95%. Corresponding Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from r = 0.13 to 0.67, and <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> values ranged from 0.02 to 0.45. In contrast, LT Pace predictions demonstrated significant overestimation for all devices. Huawei\u00ae reported the smallest error (MAE = 1.22 km\/h, MAPE = 12.70%, p = 0.01, r = 0.88, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.78), followed by Garmin\u00ae (MAE = 2.17 km\/h, MAPE = 25.78%, p &amp;lt; 0.01, r = 0.73, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.53), and Coros\u00ae (MAE = 1.93 km\/h, MAPE = 22.63%, p = 0.08, r = 0.79, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.62). Bland\u2013Altman plots confirmed systematic biases and variable agreement patterns, particularly for LT Pace.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Smartwatches are capable of providing estimates of LT HR and LT Pace in recreational runners, although they tend to overestimate LT Pace and overall accuracy remains to be improved.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1621996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T01:21:08Z","timestamp":1751592068000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Validity of smartwatch-derived estimates of lactate threshold heart rate and pace compared to graded exercise testing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Changda","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingjun","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingyu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfei","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1397282","article-title":"The validity and inter-device variability of the apple watch\u2122 for measuring maximal heart rate","volume":"36","author":"Abt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. sports Sci."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"6","article-title":"The concept of lactate threshold. A short review","volume":"35","author":"Antonutto","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9406(05)66648-5","article-title":"Reliability of physiological cost index measurements in walking normal subjects using steady-state, non-steady-state and post-exercise heart rate recording","volume":"81","author":"Bailey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/cpt.0000000000000107","article-title":"Accuracy of 6 commercially available activity monitors in measuring heart rate, caloric expenditure, steps walked, and distance traveled","volume":"30","author":"Boolani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiopulm. Phys. Ther. J."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000759640.87686.98","article-title":"Validation of the lactate threshold estimate from the garmin fenix 6 fitness tracker","volume":"53","author":"Carrier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies11030071","article-title":"Validation of aerobic capacity (VO2max) and lactate threshold in wearable technology for athletic populations","volume":"11","author":"Carrier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technologies"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3390\/s25010275","article-title":"Validation of aerobic capacity (VO2max) and pulse oximetry in wearable technology","volume":"25","author":"Carrier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59459","DOI":"10.2196\/59459","article-title":"Assessing the accuracy of smartwatch-based estimation of maximum oxygen uptake using the apple watch series 7: validation study","volume":"9","author":"Caserman","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01320","article-title":"The relationship between lactate and ventilatory thresholds in runners: validity and reliability of exercise test performance parameters","volume":"9","author":"Cerezuela-Espejo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. physiology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0537","article-title":"Standardization of the dmax method for calculating the second lactate threshold","volume":"10","author":"Chalmersa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiology Perform."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.70252\/BDAY8376","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the polar A300's fitness test feature to predict VO2max","volume":"12","author":"Cooper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-923849","article-title":"Assessment of ventilatory thresholds from heart rate variability in well-trained subjects during cycling","volume":"27","author":"Cottin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. sports Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1980.48.4.702","article-title":"Effects of wind assistance and resistance on the forward motion of a runner","volume":"48","author":"Davies","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiology"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2007.00762.x","article-title":"Comparison of three methods for detection of the lactate threshold","volume":"27","author":"Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. physiology Funct. imaging"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318245bde1","article-title":"Estimation of the anaerobic threshold from heart rate variability in an incremental swimming test","volume":"26","author":"Di Michele","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1686-9068","article-title":"Assessment of peak oxygen uptake with a smartwatch and its usefulness for training of runners","volume":"43","author":"D\u00fcking","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. sports Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181dc450a","article-title":"The modified dmax method is reliable to predict the second ventilatory threshold in elite cross-country skiers","volume":"24","author":"Fabre","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200939060-00003","article-title":"Lactate threshold concepts: how valid are they?","volume":"39","author":"Faude","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18694","DOI":"10.2196\/18694","article-title":"Reliability and validity of commercially available wearable devices for measuring steps, energy expenditure, and heart rate: systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Fuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117118763273","article-title":"Determining the validity and accuracy of multiple activity-tracking devices in controlled and free-walking conditions","volume":"32","author":"Gaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001284","article-title":"Variable accuracy of wearable heart rate monitors during aerobic exercise","volume":"49","author":"Gillinov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. and Sci. Sports and Exerc."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2017.06.015","article-title":"Detecting breathing frequency and maintaining a proper running rhythm","volume":"42","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0206846","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206846","article-title":"Repeatability and predictive value of lactate threshold concepts in endurance sports","volume":"13","author":"Heuberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200131050-00002","article-title":"42 years Ago\u2014Development of the concepts of ventilatory and lactate threshold","volume":"31","author":"Hollmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthtr.2018.01.001","article-title":"Estimating external loads and internal demands by positioning systems and innovative data processing approaches during intermittent running activities in team and racquet sports","volume":"34","author":"Hoppe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Orthop. Traumatology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13280","article-title":"Metabolic and performance\u2010related consequences of exercising at and slightly above MLSS","volume":"28","author":"Iannetta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. and Sci. sports"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2023.2259206","article-title":"Can the heart rate response at the respiratory compensation point be used to retrieve the maximal metabolic steady state?","volume":"41","author":"Iannetta","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.22489\/cinc.2024.352","article-title":"Comparison between smartwatch-derived and CPET-measured VO2max","volume":"215","author":"Jamieson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Age (years)"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0199794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199794","article-title":"Manipulating graded exercise test variables affects the validity of the lactate threshold and [formula: see text]","volume":"13","author":"Jamnick","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-198201000-00003","article-title":"The anaerobic threshold","volume":"10","author":"Jones","year":"1982","journal-title":"Exerc. sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4871091\/v1","article-title":"Smartwatch-assisted exercise prescription: utilizing machine learning algorithms for personalized workout recommendations and monitoring: a review","author":"Jubair","year":"2024"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1301904","article-title":"Effect of caffeine on LT, VT and HRVT","volume":"33","author":"Karapetian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. sports Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.31686\/ijier.vol5.iss2.619","article-title":"Validation of the garmin forerunner 920XT fitness watch VO2peak test","volume":"5","author":"Kraft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Educ. Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.24985\/ijass.2018.30.1.80","article-title":"Accuracy of swimming wearable watches for estimating energy expenditure","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995575","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.995575","article-title":"Validity of three smartwatches in estimating energy expenditure during outdoor walking and running","volume":"13","author":"Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiology"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-102653","article-title":"Estimation of the maximal lactate steady state in endurance runners","volume":"37","author":"Llodio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. sports Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025802","article-title":"A theory of the metabolic origin of \u201canaerobic threshold\u201d","volume":"7","author":"Mader","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. sports Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13190","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13190","article-title":"Effect of steady-state aerobic exercise intensity and duration on the relationship between reserves of heart rate and oxygen uptake","volume":"10","author":"Marini","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000246","article-title":"The acute effect of mouth only breathing on time to completion, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, blood lactate, and ventilatory measures during a high-intensity shuttle run sequence","volume":"28","author":"Meir","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01087-9","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of crossover studies comparing physiological, perceptual and performance measures between treadmill and overground running","volume":"49","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01639-y","article-title":"Validity of estimating the maximal oxygen consumption by consumer wearables: a systematic review with meta-analysis and expert statement of the INTERLIVE network","volume":"52","author":"Molina-Garcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S29-S217","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0403","article-title":"Quantification of training and competition loads in endurance sports: methods and applications","volume":"12","author":"Mujika","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. sports physiology Perform."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.22376\/ijpbs\/lpr.2021.11.4.L42-46","article-title":"Assessment of Vo2 max reliability with garmin smart watch among Swimmers.(2021)","volume":"11","author":"Muthusamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Sci. Pharma Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/asjsm.58480","article-title":"Determination of lactate thresholds in maximal running test by heart rate variability data set","volume":"8","author":"Nascimento","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.43.3.5","article-title":"Assessment of accuracy of overall energy expenditure measurements for the fitbit charge HR 2 and apple watch","volume":"43","author":"Nuss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. health Behav."},{"key":"B46","first-page":"226","article-title":"Advanced smartwatch data analysis and predictive modeling for health and fitness optimization","volume-title":"2024 5th international conference on intelligent communication technologies and virtual Mobile networks (ICICV)","author":"Paul","year":"2024"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-971929","article-title":"The reliability of lactate measurements during exercise","volume":"19","author":"Pfitzinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. sports Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1113\/JP279963","article-title":"The anaerobic threshold: 50+ years of controversy","volume":"599","author":"Poole","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. physiology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2017.06.005","article-title":"Heart rate variability estimates ventilatory threshold regardless body mass index in young people","volume":"33","author":"Queiroz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. and sports"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2016.01.002","article-title":"Heart rate variability to assess ventilatory thresholds in professional basketball players","volume":"6","author":"Ramos-Campo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"B51","first-page":"1","article-title":"The surprising history of the HRmax= 220-age equation","volume":"5","author":"Robergs","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Physiology Online"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S444568","article-title":"Garmin f\u00e9nix 7\u00ae underestimates performance at the lactate threshold in comparison to standardized blood lactate field test","volume":"9","author":"Schlie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Sport Sci. (CISS)"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.70252\/yjjp1345","article-title":"Wrist-worn physical activity trackers tend to underestimate steps during walking","volume":"10","author":"Sears","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0149-2","article-title":"Wearable sensors for monitoring the internal and external workload of the athlete","volume":"2","author":"Seshadri","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006612","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006612","article-title":"Real\u2010time analysis of the heart rate variability during incremental exercise for the detection of the ventilatory threshold","volume":"7","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.70252\/XFSJ6815","article-title":"Accuracy of commonly used age-predicted maximal heart rate equations","volume":"13","author":"Shookster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.4100\/jhse.2012.72.23","article-title":"A new approach for the determination of anaerobic threshold: methodological survey on the modified dmax method","volume":"7","author":"Siahkouhian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hum. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-021-00458-3","article-title":"Understanding continued smartwatch usage: the role of emotional as well as health and fitness factors","volume":"31","author":"Siepmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electron. Mark."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002931","article-title":"Comparison of the polar V800 and the garmin forerunner 230 to predict \u0307VO2max","volume":"35","author":"Snyder","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2018.1535563","article-title":"Accuracy of the wearable activity tracker garmin forerunner 235 for the assessment of heart rate during rest and activity","volume":"37","author":"St\u00f8ve","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1139\/h03-023","article-title":"Anaerobic threshold: the concept and methods of measurement","volume":"28","author":"Svedahl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Appl. physiology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4332-y","article-title":"Tracking steps on Apple watch at different walking speeds","volume":"33","author":"Veerabhadrappa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. general Intern. Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2745-1","article-title":"A comparison of methods for quantifying training load: relationships between modelled and actual training responses","volume":"114","author":"Wallace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. physiology"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696368","article-title":"Blood lactate parameters related to aerobic capacity and endurance performance","volume":"56","author":"Yoshida","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. physiology Occup. physiology"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0118263","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118263","article-title":"Modelling heart rate kinetics","volume":"10","author":"Zakynthinaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181bac3b9","article-title":"Velocity at lactate threshold and running economy must also be considered along with maximal oxygen uptake when testing elite soccer players during preseason","volume":"25","author":"Ziogas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2018.1546103","article-title":"Modifications of the dmax method in comparison to the maximal lactate steady state in young Male athletes","volume":"47","author":"Zwingmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physician Sportsmed."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1661421","type":"corrigendum","label":"Corrigendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2025.1621996\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T14:37:55Z","timestamp":1752676675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2025.1621996\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2025.1621996"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2025.1621996","relation":{"corrigendum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1661421","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"article-number":"1621996"}}