{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:32:13Z","timestamp":1782401533871,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study employed kinematic and kinetic testing to analyze the sport-specific parameters of the skeleton start, thereby elucidating its technical characteristics and establishing an empirical basis for training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spatiotemporal parameters were captured using a 3D motion system, while ground reaction forces, impulses, and plantar pressure distribution were collected via a Ki-Sprint force platform and custom pressure sensors. Statistical analysis employed descriptive statistics, two-way ANOVA to evaluate factor effects, and appropriate parametric or non-parametric tests for group comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Athletes\u2019 average starting distance was 18.45 \u00b1 2.09 m, achieved in 12.20 \u00b1 1.11 steps, with no gender difference. Starting speed (male: 6.97 \u00b1 0.42 m\/s, female: 6.25 \u00b1 0.58 m\/s) and acceleration range (male: 3.31\u20136.26 m\/s\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , female: 2.14\u20135.96 m\/s\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) differed significantly by gender. Step length differed between push-off (1.60 \u00b1 0.14 m) and follow-up steps (2.09 \u00b1 0.18 m), and between inner (2.60 \u00b1 0.14 m, 0.44 \u00b1 0.03 s) and outer steps (2.64 \u00b1 0.13 m, 0.45 \u00b1 0.03 s) in both length and duration. Take-off (2.71 \u00b1 0.50 m) and preceding step (2.81 \u00b1 0.58 m) lengths did not differ. The maximum horizontal force was 826.99 \u00b1 217.18 N and average horizontal impulse was 264.43 \u00b1 67.64 N\u00b7s, neither correlating with front-rear foot spacing. Average plantar pressure was higher during run-up (1.77 \u00b1 0.76 kg\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) than take-off (1.19 \u00b1 0.59 kg\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The skeleton start is characterized by periodic speed-power movements akin to a hybrid of sprint acceleration and diving. Training should integrate regular sprints, specialized push simulations, and downhill sprinting to improve acceleration and maximal speed. Core stability, lower-limb maximal strength, and multi-joint power training should be implemented with consideration for gender-specific adaptations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1700394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T06:52:40Z","timestamp":1767768760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biomechanics-based analysis of technical characteristics in skeleton start and specific physical training strategies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingtao","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"The engineering approach to winter sports","author":"Braghin","year":"2014"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140802255796","article-title":"Characteristics of the start in women\u2019s World Cup skeleton","volume":"7","author":"Bullock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Enhancing start performance in the sport of Skeleton [Doctoral dissertation, University of Bath]","author":"Colyer","year":"2015"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsp.2015-0631","article-title":"Training-related changes in force-power profiles: implications for the skeleton start","volume":"12","author":"Colyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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