{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:18:23Z","timestamp":1790968703967,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Boxing performance heavily relies on lower-limb strength and power. Velocity-based resistance training (VBT), which adjusts load and repetition volume using real-time velocity feedback, may provide a more individualized and effective approach compared to traditional percentage-based training (PBT). However, its long-term effect on boxing-specific performance outcomes remains underexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-eight male collegiate boxers were randomly assigned to a VBT group (n = 14) or a PBT group (n = 14) for an 8-week training program. Both groups performed four sets of each exercise (back squat, Bulgarian split-squat, and deadlift) at 70% of their one-repetition maximum (1RM). The VBT group performed a flexible number of repetitions until their velocity dropped below a 10% threshold, whereas the PBT group consistently performed sets of 5 repetition. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included 1RM strength, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, standing long jump (SLJ) distance, and 30 m sprint run time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All dependent variables demonstrated significant main effects of \u201ctime\u201d (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001; averaged Hedges\u2019 g = 0.44 for VBT group and 0.23 for PBT group). Notably, significant \u201ctime\u201d \u00d7 \u201cgroup\u201d interactions were observed for the CMJ, SLJ, and 30 m sprint run (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 0.038), whereas no significant interactions were found for 1RM strength measures across exercises (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2265 0.163). Furthermore, when comparing the magnitude of changes between groups, the VBT group exhibited small effect size improvements in CMJ height (Hedges\u2019 g = 0.41), SLJ distance (Hedges\u2019 g = 0.56), and 30 m sprint time (Hedges\u2019 g = 0.51). In contrast, all other variables only showed trivial (Hedges\u2019 g &amp;lt; 0.20) differences between groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both training programs led to comparable improvements in maximal strength (1RM) across exercises. However, VBT was more effective than PBT in enhancing performance in high-velocity tasks such as vertical and horizontal jumps and sprinting. These findings support the use of VBT to optimize neuromuscular adaptations relevant to explosive actions in male collegiate boxers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1701045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T05:35:32Z","timestamp":1759383332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The effect of velocity-based resistance training (VBT) on lower-limb strength performance in male collegiate boxers: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yemin","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amador","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0999","article-title":"Superior changes in jump, sprint, and change-of-direction performance but not maximal strength following 6 weeks of velocity-based training compared with 1-repetition-maximum percentage-based training","volume":"16","author":"Banyard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. sports physiology Perform."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200535100-00002","article-title":"Designing resistance training programmes to enhance muscular fitness: a review of the acute programme variables","volume":"35","author":"Bird","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0274-7","article-title":"Amateur boxing: physical and physiological attributes","volume":"45","author":"Chaab\u00e8ne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.1.84","article-title":"Amateur boxing: activity profile of winners and losers","volume":"8","author":"Davis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiology Perform."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1113\/JP282560","article-title":"Specificity of early motor unit adaptations with resistive exercise training","volume":"602","author":"Del Vecchio","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Physiology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0158","article-title":"Differences in the load\u2013velocity profile between 4 bench-press variants","volume":"13","author":"Garc\u00eda-Ramos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiology Perform."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1248333","article-title":"Movement velocity as a measure of loading intensity in resistance training","volume":"31","author":"Gonzalez-Badillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2478\/v10078-011-0053-6","article-title":"The importance of movement velocity as a measure to Control resistance training intensity","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Badillo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.905987","article-title":"Maximal intended velocity training induces greater gains in bench press performance than deliberately slower half-velocity training","volume":"14","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Badillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-120324","article-title":"Velocity loss as a variable for monitoring resistance exercise","volume":"38","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Badillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-022-00513-z","article-title":"Toward a New Paradigm in resistance training by means of velocity monitoring: a critical and challenging Narrative","volume":"8","author":"Gonzalez-Badillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-020-00260-z","article-title":"Test-Retest reliability of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength assessment: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Grgic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1519\/Jsc.0000000000003233","article-title":"Considerations for velocity-based training: the instruction to Move as Fast as Possible is less effective than a target velocity","volume":"35","author":"Hirsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01754-4","article-title":"The acute and Chronic effects of implementing velocity loss thresholds during resistance training: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and critical evaluation of the Literature","volume":"53","author":"Jukic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000121945.36635.61","article-title":"Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription","volume":"36","author":"Kraemer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. and Sci. sports and Exerc."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-024-05604-1","article-title":"Exerting force at the maximal speed drives the increase in power output in elite athletes after 4 weeks of resistance training","volume":"125","author":"Lecce","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiology"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2025-0115","article-title":"In the Reign of velocity: Ballistic training enhances rapid force production in Chronically strength-trained athletes","author":"Lecce","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiology Perform."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13587","article-title":"Long\u2010term efficacy of conditioning training program combined with feedback on kinetics and kinematics in male runners","volume":"30","author":"Letafatkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. and Sci. sports"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498811","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1498811","article-title":"Neuromuscular factors predicting lower limb explosive strength in male college sprinters","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Physiology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1519\/Jsc.0000000000001075","article-title":"Strength and power Qualities are highly associated with punching impact in elite Amateur boxers","volume":"30","author":"Loturco","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000003143","article-title":"Concurrent validity of field-based Diagnostic Technology monitoring movement velocity in Powerlifting exercises","volume":"35","author":"Mitter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002715","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of a commercial linear position transducer (GymAware PowerTool) to measure velocity and power in the back squat and bench press","volume":"34","author":"Orange","year":"","journal-title":"J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0058","article-title":"Effects of in-season velocity- versus percentage-based training in academy rugby league players","volume":"15","author":"Orange","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiology Perform."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002295","article-title":"Velocity loss as a critical variable determining the adaptations to strength training","volume":"52","author":"Pareja Blanco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1363985","article-title":"Effect of movement velocity during resistance training on neuromuscular performance","volume":"35","author":"Pareja-Blanco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12678","article-title":"Effects of velocity loss during resistance training on athletic performance, strength gains and muscle adaptations","volume":"27","author":"Pareja-Blanco","year":"","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. and Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0170","article-title":"Effects of velocity loss during resistance training on performance in professional soccer players","volume":"12","author":"Pareja-Blanco","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. sports physiology Perform."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1249\/Mss.0000000000002295","article-title":"Velocity loss as a critical variable determining the adaptations to strength training","volume":"52","author":"Pareja-Blanco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1376900","article-title":"Effect of different velocity loss thresholds during a power-oriented resistance training program on the mechanical capacities of lower-body muscles","volume":"36","author":"Perez-Castilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002072","article-title":"Load-velocity relationship in variations of the half-squat exercise: Influence of Execution technique","volume":"34","author":"Perez-Castilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1123\/mc.2020-0039","article-title":"Velocity performance feedback during Ballistic training: which is the optimal frequency of feedback Administration?","volume":"25","author":"P\u00e9rez-Castilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mot. Control"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2158-3848","article-title":"Resistance training intensity prescription methods based on lifting velocity monitoring","volume":"45","author":"Ramos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181fee634","article-title":"Effect of instantaneous performance feedback during 6 weeks of velocity-based resistance training on sport-specific performance tests","volume":"25","author":"Randell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2019-0829","article-title":"Velocity-based resistance training: impact of velocity loss in the set on neuromuscular performance and hormonal response","volume":"45","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rosell","year":"","journal-title":"Appl. Physiology Nutr. Metabolism"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000003805","article-title":"Role of the effort Index in predicting neuromuscular fatigue during resistance exercises","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rosell","year":"","journal-title":"J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000002881","article-title":"Relationship between velocity loss and repetitions in Reserve in the bench press and back squat exercises","volume":"34","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rosell","year":"","journal-title":"J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13967","article-title":"Effect of velocity loss during squat training on neuromuscular performance","volume":"31","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rosell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. and Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318213f880","article-title":"Velocity loss as an indicator of neuromuscular fatigue during resistance training","volume":"43","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Medina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E80","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-102933","article-title":"Estimation of relative load from bar velocity in the full back squat exercise","volume":"1","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Medina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med. Int. open"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002200","article-title":"Strength and hypertrophy adaptations between low-vs. high-load resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0454-0","article-title":"Training monitoring for resistance exercise: theory and applications","volume":"46","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21885","article-title":"Short\u2010term unilateral resistance training affects the agonist\u2013antagonist but not the force\u2013agonist activation relationship","volume":"43","author":"Tillin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle and nerve"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-05045-8","article-title":"Maximal intended velocity enhances strength training-induced neuromuscular stimulation in older adults","volume":"122","author":"T\u00f8ien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0b013e318232fdcb","article-title":"Increasing the impact force of the rear hand punch","volume":"33","author":"Turner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Strength and Cond. J."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.5817\/StS2022-1-12","article-title":"Relationship between speed and explosive power of lower limbs in semi-elite football players","volume":"16","author":"Venc\u00farik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stud. Sport."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000001883","article-title":"The influence of resistance training experience on the between-day reliability of commonly used strength measures in male Youth athletes","volume":"31","author":"Weakley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000002133","article-title":"Visual feedback Attenuates mean concentric barbell velocity loss and improves motivation, competitiveness, and perceived Workload in male Adolescent athletes","volume":"33","author":"Weakley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1706831","article-title":"Application of velocity loss thresholds during free-weight resistance training: Responses and reproducibility of perceptual, metabolic, and neuromuscular outcomes","volume":"38","author":"Weakley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1519\/Ssc.0000000000000560","article-title":"Velocity-based training: from theory to application","volume":"43","author":"Weakley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Strength Cond. J."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01877-2","article-title":"The effect of feedback on resistance training performance and adaptations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Weakley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931218621299","article-title":"Presenting objective visual performance feedback over multiple sets of resistance exercise improves motivation, competitiveness, and performance","volume":"62","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors Ergonomics Soc. Annu. Meet."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2023.119284","article-title":"Optimal velocity loss threshold for inducing post activation potentiation in track and field athletes","volume":"40","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2025.1701045\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T05:35:33Z","timestamp":1759383333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2025.1701045\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2025.1701045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2025.1701045","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"article-number":"1701045"}}