{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:33:51Z","timestamp":1782401631052,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020593","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Beijing University of Chemical Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to identify the optimal velocity loss (VL) threshold during squats for inducing post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) in track and field sprinters, with the goal of maximizing sprint performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-four sprinters performed squat-based PAPE protocols using 85% 1RM (1 Repetition Maximum) across four VL thresholds (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The 30-m sprint and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests were administered at baseline and at 4, 8, 12, and 16 min post-intervention. Measurements included CMJ height, peak power, momentum, and the number of squats completed under each VL condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The 5% VL condition led to significant improvements in 30-m sprint time at 4 min (F\n                      <jats:sub>(1,47)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 7.292, P = 0.01, Cohen\u2019s d = \u22120.777) and 8 min (F\n                      <jats:sub>(1,47)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 4.603, P = 0.037, Cohen\u2019s d = \u22120.615), along with increases in CMJ height (F\n                      <jats:sub>(1,47)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 5.748, P = 0.021, Cohen\u2019s d = 0.69), peak power (F\n                      <jats:sub>(1,47)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 5.585, P = 0.022, Cohen\u2019s d = 0.685), and momentum (F\n                      <jats:sub>(1,47)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 6.462, P = 0.014, Cohen\u2019s d = 0.715). Under the 10% VL condition, significant gains were observed in 4-min sprint performance (F\n                      <jats:sub>(1,47)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 5.288, P = 0.026, Cohen\u2019s d = \u22120.656) and CMJ peak power at 4 min (F\n                      <jats:sub>(1,47)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 5.585, P = 0.014, Cohen\u2019s d = 0.741) and 8 min (F\n                      <jats:sub>(1,47)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 3.884, P = 0.022, Cohen\u2019s d = 0.687). The number of squats performed was significantly lower at 5% VL compared to other thresholds (P &amp;lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A velocity loss threshold of 5% during squats at 85% 1RM elicits a significant PAPE effect by 4 min post-exercise, with the fewest required repetitions. For practical application, a recovery interval of 4\u20138 min is recommended to optimize training outcomes in sprinters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1725012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T05:33:32Z","timestamp":1771997612000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of velocity loss squat induced post-activation performance enhancement on lower limb explosive power in sprinters"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Beijing Sport University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Tongliao No.5 Senior High School","place":["Tongliao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Beijing Sport University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Beijing Sport University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianing","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Beijing Sport University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Huaqiao University","place":["Quanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruofei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Beijing Sport University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Beijing Sport University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Beijing Sport University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianghua","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Beijing Sport University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Beijing Sport University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sport Training of General Administration of Sport of China, General Administration of Sport","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"School of Competitive Sports, Beijing Sport University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laikang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Performance and Skill Assessment, Beijing Sport University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3390\/sports4020027","article-title":"Optimal timing for post-activation potentiation in women collegiate volleyball players","volume":"4","author":"Ah Sue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4598(200007)23:7%3C1095::AID-MUS13%3E3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle","volume":"23","author":"Andersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333060-00005","article-title":"Warm Up I: potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm up on exercise performance","volume":"33","author":"Bishop","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01359","article-title":"Post-activation potentiation versus post-activation performance enhancement in humans: historical perspective, underlying mechanisms, and current issues","volume":"10","author":"Blazevich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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