{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:22:48Z","timestamp":1789399368891,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies have suggested that singing training (ST) has been proposed as an engaging adjunct to pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) patients with COPD and may improve diaphragmatic function and alleviate symptoms. We aimed to explore whether ST (a structured, facilitator-led group singing-based intervention for COPD) was associated with improvements in diaphragmatic function and related clinical outcomes\u2014including pulmonary function, exercise capacity, health-related quality of life, and psychological symptoms. We hypothesized that ST would improve diaphragmatic function and yield better patient-reported outcomes than health education (HE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this randomized controlled trial (No. ChiCTR2100052874), we conducted with 40 stable COPD patients randomly assigned to either the ST group (n = 20) or the HE group (n = 20). Primary outcomes were ultrasound-derived diaphragmatic function (dynamic and static diaphragmatic excursion and diaphragmatic thickening fraction). Secondary outcomes included respiratory muscle strength (MIP\/MEP), pulmonary function (FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FVC, FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      predict), exercise capacity (6-min walk distance, 6MWD), health-related quality of life (St George\u2019s Respiratory Questionnaire, SGRQ), and psychological symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS). We report between-group differences in change (95% CIs) and MCID attainment for 6MWD (\u226530 m increase), CAT (\u22652-point decrease), SGRQ (\u22654-point decrease), and HADS (\u22651.5-point decrease); for other outcomes, a pragmatic \u226510% improvement threshold was applied.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty-three patients completed follow-up (ST n = 18; HE n = 15). Compared with HE, ST produced greater improvement in dynamic diaphragmatic mobility (mean SD change 0.7 \u00b1 0.6 vs. 0.1 \u00b1 0.5 cm; difference 0.6 cm, 95% CI 0.1\u20131.3;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03) and diaphragmatic thickening fraction (DTF; 23.4% \u00b1 39.8% vs. 1.4% \u00b1 35.7%; difference 22.0%, 95% CI \u22123.4\u201347.3;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.06). For key secondary outcomes, ST showed greater improvements in 6MWD (52 \u00b1 49 vs. 5 \u00b1 46 m; difference 47 m, 95% CI 18\u201376;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01), SGRQ (\u221212.6 \u00b1 11.0 vs. \u22121.8 \u00b1 9.2; difference \u221210.8, 95% CI \u221216.8 to \u22124.8;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01), and HADS-D (\u22121.6 \u00b1 1.7 vs. +0.7 \u00b1 2.1; difference \u22122.3, 95% CI \u22123.5 to \u22121.0;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01), whereas no between-group differences were observed for FEV1\/FVC or FEV1%pred (both\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.30). Applying a pragmatic \u226510% improvement threshold for diaphragmatic ultrasound outcomes, clinically relevant improvement was achieved by 9\/18 (50.0%) vs. 1\/15 (6.7%) for dynamic mobility and 13\/18 (72.2%) vs. 6\/15 (40.0%) for DTF (ST vs. HE).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this pilot trial, ST was associated with improved diaphragmatic mobility and several clinically relevant outcomes compared with HE. These findings suggest that ST may serve as a relevant adjunct to pulmonary rehabilitation, however larger trials are needed to confirm efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/showproj.html?proj=135209<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1728597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T05:41:35Z","timestamp":1772602895000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Singing as training modality within pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD patients may enhance diaphragmatic function: a pilot RCT exploring impact on diaphragmatic mobility and thickness"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Daozheng","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Binzhou Medical University","place":["Yantai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengtong","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Therapy Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiazhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Qingdao Central Hospital","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College Of Health- Preservation and Wellness, Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital)","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S4077","article-title":"Effects of singing classes on pulmonary function and quality of life of COPD patients","volume":"4","author":"Bonilha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. 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