{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T12:23:29Z","timestamp":1771935809202,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulsations are linked to hemodynamics, with autonomic mechanisms, suggested to modulate slow-wave induced pulsations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To explore autonomic regulation\u2019s role in neurofluid flow, independent of sleep and neural activity, we hypothesized that modulating basal CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (altering vascular tone, cardiac activity and respiration) would highlight this link.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using resting-state BOLD fMRI in neurofluid regions under different CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels (capnic states), we found: 1) biomechanical modulation does not explain neurofluid dynamic variations across capnias; 2) beyond respiration, heart-rate variability independently drives low-frequency neurofluid flow, indicating autonomic control; 3) altered CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      primarily affects neurofluid dynamics through the frequency (and not amplitude) of heart-rate and respiratory-volume variability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results suggest that both hyper- and hypocapnia disrupt how CSF responds to autonomic regulation, seen in deviations from normal cardiac and respiratory responses. Our work reveals neurofluid dynamics\u2019 sensitivity to CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2019s frequency response, best explained by autonomic modulation. Modulating basal CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      offers a new way to influence human neurofluid dynamics, independent of sleep or neuronal activity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1750101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T05:33:13Z","timestamp":1771392793000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modulation of neurofluid fluctuation frequency by baseline carbon dioxide in awake humans: the role of the autonomic nervous system"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiaole Z.","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest","place":["Toronto, ON, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catie","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University","place":["Nashville, TN, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University","place":["Nashville, TN, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University","place":["Nashville, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Jean","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest","place":["Toronto, ON, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, ON, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1473","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.91008.2008","article-title":"Integration of cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity and chemoreflex control of breathing: mechanisms of regulation, measurement, and interpretation","volume":"296","author":"Ainslie","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJP Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6166045","article-title":"Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: a quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control","volume":"213","author":"Akselrod","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25392","article-title":"Vascular origins of low-frequency oscillations in the cerebrospinal fluid signal in resting-state fMRI: interpretation using photoplethysmography","volume":"42","author":"Attarpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapping"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.02.048","article-title":"Separating respiratory-variation-related fluctuations from neuronal-activity-related fluctuations in fMRI","volume":"31","author":"Birn","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.11.059","article-title":"The respiration response function: the temporal dynamics of fMRI signal fluctuations related to changes in respiration","volume":"40","author":"Birn","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199703000-00007","article-title":"Hypercapnia reversibly suppresses low-frequency fluctuations in the human motor cortex during rest using echo-planar MRI","volume":"17","author":"Biswal","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01118-1","article-title":"A parsimonious description of global functional brain organization in three spatiotemporal patterns","volume":"25","author":"Bolt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Neuroscience"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1006\/bulm.1998.0047","article-title":"Wavelet-based analysis of human blood-flow dynamics","volume":"60","author":"Bracic","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Mathematical Biology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.1048","article-title":"A method for making group inferences from functional MRI data using independent component analysis","volume":"14","author":"Calhoun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapping"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.09.029","article-title":"Influence of heart rate on the BOLD signal: the cardiac response function","volume":"44","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.42","article-title":"Global cerebral oxidative metabolism during hypercapnia and hypocapnia in humans: implications for BOLD fMRI","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism"},{"key":"B12","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (Revised Edition)","author":"Cohen","year":"1977"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200209000-00002","article-title":"Effect of basal conditions on the magnitude and dynamics of the blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI response","volume":"22","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.2.255","article-title":"The K-complex: a 7-decade history","volume":"28","author":"Colrain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1977.sp012067","article-title":"Respiratory modulation of baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes affecting heart rate through the sympathetic nervous system","volume":"272","author":"Davis","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Physiology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.03.027","article-title":"Dynamic coupling between the central and autonomic nervous systems during sleep: a review","volume":"90","author":"de Zambotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.08.14.553250","article-title":"Real-time quantification of in vivo cerebrospinal fluid velocity using fMRI inflow effect","volume-title":"bioRxiv.org: the preprint server for biology","author":"Diorio","year":"2023"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8541","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4263-15.2016","article-title":"Arterial CO2 fluctuations modulate neuronal rhythmicity: implications for MEG and fMRI studies of resting-state networks","volume":"36","author":"Driver","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroscience"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.95","article-title":"Concomitant analysis of arterial, venous, and CSF flows using phase-contrast MRI: a quantitative comparison between MS patients and healthy controls","volume":"33","author":"ElSankari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism"},{"key":"B80","unstructured":"Manage Following, Communication Preferences\n          \n          \n            \n              Feed\n              F. C.\n            \n          \n          Fast mutual information of two images or signals [WWW Document]\n          \n          2015"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(89)90008-8","article-title":"Autonomic nerve and cardiovascular responses to changing blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the rat","volume":"28","author":"Fukuda","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Autonomic Nervous System"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax5440","article-title":"Coupled electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and cerebrospinal fluid oscillations in human sleep","volume":"366","author":"Fultz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.10.031","article-title":"Mapping the end-tidal CO2 response function in the resting-state BOLD fMRI signal: spatial specificity, test\u2013retest reliability and effect of fMRI sampling rate","volume":"104","author":"Golestani","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.02.051","article-title":"The association between cerebrovascular reactivity and resting-state fMRI functional connectivity in healthy adults: the influence of basal carbon dioxide","volume":"132","author":"Golestani","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v7.i4.204","article-title":"Autonomic and endocrine control of cardiovascular function","volume":"7","author":"Gordan","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Journal Cardiology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2023.08.001","article-title":"Heart rate variability (HRV) as a way to understand associations between the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and affective states: a critical review of the literature","volume":"192","author":"Gullett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Journal Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.050","article-title":"Comparing cerebrovascular reactivity measured using BOLD and cerebral blood flow MRI: the effect of basal vascular tension on vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive reactivity","volume":"110","author":"Halani","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00388.x","article-title":"The nature of arousal in sleep","volume":"13","author":"Hal\u00e1sz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sleep Research"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986006002107","article-title":"Distribution theory for glass\u2019s estimator of effect size and related estimators","volume":"6","author":"Hedges","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Educational Behavioral Statistics"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-009-0461-0","article-title":"A novel recursive fourier transform for nonuniform sampled signals: application to heart rate variability spectrum estimation","volume":"47","author":"Holland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. and Biological Engineering and Computing"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120754","article-title":"The fMRI global signal and its association with the signal from cranial bone","volume":"297","author":"Huber","year":"2024","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1152\/physiologyonline.1991.6.1.41","article-title":"The myogenic response","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.36.3.383","article-title":"Interaction of carbon dioxide and sympathetic nervous system activity in the regulation of cerebral perfusion in humans","volume":"36","author":"Jordan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B34","first-page":"205","article-title":"Vasomotion in human skin before and after local heating recorded with laser doppler flowmetry. A method for induction of vasomotion","volume":"8","author":"Kastrup","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. Journal Microcirculation, Clinical Experimental\/ Sponsored by Eur. Soc. Microcirc."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-022-00326-y","article-title":"Arterial vasodilation drives convective fluid flow in the brain: a poroelastic model","volume":"19","author":"Kedarasetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI101995","article-title":"The effects of altered arterial tensions of carbon dioxide and oxygen on cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption of normal young men","volume":"27","author":"Kety","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107363","article-title":"Attenuation of the ventilatory and heart rate responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia with aging in normal men","volume":"52","author":"Kronenberg","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.07.056","article-title":"Neural correlates of heart rate variability during emotion","volume":"44","author":"Lane","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00756","article-title":"Heart rate variability biofeedback: how and why does it work?","volume":"5","author":"Lehrer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120988","article-title":"Cardiac and respiratory activities induce temporal changes in cerebral blood volume, balanced by a mirror CSF volume displacement in the spinal canal","volume":"305","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277500","article-title":"CrossTalk proposal: heart rate variability is a valid measure of cardiac autonomic responsiveness","volume":"597","author":"Malik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal Physiology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.04.238","article-title":"Brain correlates of autonomic modulation: combining heart rate variability with fMRI","volume":"42","author":"Napadow","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0659-0","article-title":"Sympathetic activity contributes to the fMRI signal","volume":"2","author":"\u00d6zbay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Biology"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00614.2012","article-title":"Sympathetic regulation of the human cerebrovascular response to carbon dioxide","volume":"113","author":"Peebles","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Applied Physiology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.118888","article-title":"Autonomic arousals contribute to brain fluid pulsations during sleep","volume":"249","author":"Picchioni","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"214","article-title":"The role of the ventral medulla in the control of sympathetic activity by systemic arterial CO2","volume-title":"Proceedings in Life Sciences","author":"Polosa","year":"1983"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.09.038","article-title":"Sources and implications of whole-brain fMRI signals in humans","volume":"146","author":"Power","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.10.084","article-title":"Modeling of dynamic cerebrovascular reactivity to spontaneous and externally induced CO2 fluctuations in the human brain using BOLD-fMRI","volume":"186","author":"Prokopiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2020","article-title":"Fluid transport in the brain","volume":"102","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Reviews"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1964.206.1.25","article-title":"Arterial pco2 and cerebral hemodynamics","volume":"206","author":"Reivich","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am. Journal Physiology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.22237\/jmasm\/1257035100","article-title":"New effect size rules of thumb","volume":"8","author":"Sawilowsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Modern Applied Statistical Methods JMASM"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10238","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913110107","article-title":"Neural basis of global resting-state fMRI activity","volume":"107","author":"Sch\u00f6lvinck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1161\/01.res.67.1.130","article-title":"Influence of lung volume on sympathetic nerve discharge in normal humans","volume":"67","author":"Seals","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation Research"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119758","article-title":"Modeling the dynamics of cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide in fMRI under task and resting-state conditions","volume":"265","author":"Shams","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.129395","article-title":"Prospective targeting and control of end-tidal CO2 and O2 concentrations","volume":"581","author":"Slessarev","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiology"},{"key":"B57","article-title":"Norepinephrine","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Smith","year":"2023"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcad128","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad128","article-title":"Parasagittal dural space hypertrophy and amyloid-\u03b2 deposition in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10084","article-title":"Intracranial oscillations of cerebrospinal fluid and blood flows: analysis with magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"15","author":"Strik","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.25.7.1384","article-title":"Cerebral hemodynamics in hypertensive patients compared with normotensive volunteers. A transcranial doppler study","volume":"25","author":"Sugimori","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stroke; a Journal Cerebral Circulation"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2020.0042","article-title":"Neurofluid dynamics and the glymphatic system: a neuroimaging perspective","volume":"21","author":"Taoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean Journal Radiology"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"9","article-title":"Autonomic control of airway function","volume-title":"Treatment in Clinical Medicine","author":"Tattersfield","year":"1987"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet122","article-title":"Sympathetic regulation of cerebral blood flow in humans: a review","volume":"111","author":"ter Laan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. Journal Anaesthesia"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.03.019","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of systemic low frequency oscillations measured in the periphery on the independent component analysis results of resting state networks","volume":"76","author":"Tong","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00787","article-title":"Low frequency systemic hemodynamic \u201cNoise\u201d in resting state BOLD fMRI: characteristics, causes, implications, mitigation strategies, and applications","volume":"13","author":"Tong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neuroscience"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-020-0144-z","article-title":"Arterial CO2 pressure changes during hypercapnia are associated with changes in brain parenchymal volume","volume":"4","author":"van der Kleij","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol. Exp."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940140","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.940140","article-title":"Human CSF movement influenced by vascular low frequency oscillations and respiration","volume":"13","author":"Vijayakrishnan Nair","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiology"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119362","article-title":"Cerebrovascular activity is a major factor in the cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics","volume":"258","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3002035","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002035","article-title":"Neural activity induced by sensory stimulation can drive large-scale cerebrospinal fluid flow during wakefulness in humans","volume":"21","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Biol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.110627","article-title":"Influence of cerebrovascular function on the hypercapnic ventilatory response in healthy humans: cerebrovascular mechanism for breathing control","volume":"577","author":"Xie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal Physiology"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.153","article-title":"The influence of carbon dioxide on brain activity and metabolism in conscious humans","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53921-4","article-title":"Neuroimaging-based evidence for sympathetic correlation between brain activity and peripheral vasomotion during pain anticipation","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Reports"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271678X221074639","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X221074639","article-title":"Coupling between cerebrovascular oscillations and CSF flow fluctuations during wakefulness: an fMRI study","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.15.623271","article-title":"Attentional failures after sleep deprivation represent moments of cerebrospinal fluid flow. bioRxivorg","author":"Yang","year":"2024"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000031798.07790.fe","article-title":"Autonomic neural control of dynamic cerebral autoregulation in humans","volume":"106","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25823","article-title":"Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging signal variations in aging: the role of neural activity","volume":"43","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapping"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00315","article-title":"Predicting the macrovascular contribution to resting-state fMRI functional connectivity at 3 tesla: a model-informed approach","volume":"2","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Imaging Neurosci."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.04.13.536674","article-title":"Total cerebral blood volume changes drive macroscopic cerebrospinal fluid flux in humans","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1750101\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T11:30:36Z","timestamp":1771932636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1750101\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2026.1750101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1750101","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"article-number":"1750101"}}