{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:13:58Z","timestamp":1791184438134,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This within-participant randomized study compared elbow flexor hypertrophy following cable curls performed in a neutral\n                    <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                    maximally extended shoulder position, with resistance profiles and elbow extension range of motion (ROM) matched between conditions. Thirty untrained men participated, with one arm assigned to train at the individualized peak shoulder extension angle and the contralateral arm at a neutral position. Twenty-four participants completed the intervention, which consisted of six to eight weekly sets of unilateral cable curls to momentary failure over 10 weeks under supervised conditions. Elbow flexor muscle thickness was assessed with ultrasonography at 50% and 70% of humerus length before and after the intervention. A Bayesian framework was used to estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) and quantify the strength of evidence with Bayes factors (BF). Both conditions produced increases in muscle thickness of approximately 7%\u20139%. Posterior distributions of the ATE were centered close to zero (Proximal\/ATE\n                    <jats:sub>Neutral:Peak<\/jats:sub>\n                    = \u22120.40 [95% CrI: \u22121.06 to 0.26 mm]; Distal\/ATE\n                    <jats:sub>Neutral:Peak<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0.21 [95% CrI: \u22120.25\u20130.65 mm]), with BFs indicating anecdotal to moderate evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. These findings suggest that when resistance profiles, elbow ROM, and effort are matched, altering shoulder extension angle in isolation does not appear to produce meaningful differences in elbow flexor hypertrophy in untrained men over 10 weeks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1750722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T04:14:53Z","timestamp":1774930493000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effects of shoulder extension angle on elbow flexor hypertrophy in the cable curl exercise"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Stian","family":"Larsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nord University Levanger","place":["Levanger, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Sandvik Kristiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nord University Levanger","place":["Levanger, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nordis","family":"\u00d8ster\u00e5s Sandberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nord University Levanger","place":["Levanger, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Bao Fredriksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nord University Levanger","place":["Levanger, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"van den Tillaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nord University Levanger","place":["Levanger, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milo","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehman College","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Alan","family":"Swinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Gordon University","place":["Aberdeen, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hallvard","family":"Nygaard Falch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nord University Levanger","place":["Levanger, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12279","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12279","article-title":"Comparison between shoulder flexed and extended positions in elbow flexion resistance training on regional hypertrophy and maximum strength: preacher versus Bayesian cable curls","volume":"25","author":"Attarieh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01","article-title":"Brms: an R package for Bayesian multilevel models using stan","volume":"80","author":"B\u00fcrkner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Statistical Software"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-022-00492-1","article-title":"Appropriate reporting of exercise variables in resistance training protocols: much more than load and number of repetitions","volume":"8","author":"Coratella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Medicine-Open"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000065","article-title":"Improving transparency and replication in Bayesian statistics: the WAMBS-checklist","volume":"22","author":"Depaoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1710.08162","article-title":"Bridgesampling: an R package for estimating normalizing constants","author":"Gronau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Preprint arXiv:1710.08162"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2517-0509","article-title":"Distinct muscle growth and strength adaptations after preacher and incline biceps curls","volume":"46","author":"Kassiano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Journal Sports Medicine"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Distinct hypertrophy of the elbow flexors after incline versus preacher dumbbell curl training","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2024"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33267","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.33267","article-title":"Sample size justification","volume":"8","author":"Lakens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Collabra Psychol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2024.2444713","article-title":"The effects of hip flexion angle on quadriceps femoris muscle hypertrophy in the leg extension exercise","volume":"43","author":"Larsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sports Sciences"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494323","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1494323","article-title":"Resistance training beyond momentary failure: the effects of past-failure partials on muscle hypertrophy in the gastrocnemius","volume":"16","author":"Larsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139087759","volume-title":"Bayesian cognitive modeling: a practical course","author":"Lee","year":"2014"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110312","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00002","article-title":"Linear mixed-effects models for within-participant psychology experiments: an introductory tutorial and free, graphical user interface (LMMgui)","volume":"6","author":"Magezi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychology"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097608","article-title":"A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults","volume":"52","author":"Morton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. Journal Sports Medicine"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)00114-j","article-title":"Variation of muscle moment arms with elbow and forearm position","volume":"28","author":"Murray","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biomechanics"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9290(00)00051-8","article-title":"The isometric functional capacity of muscles that cross the elbow","volume":"33","author":"Murray","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomechanics"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1519\/ssc.0000000000000737","article-title":"Muscle hypertrophy response to range of motion in strength training: a novel approach to understanding the findings","volume":"45","author":"Ottinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Strength Cond. J."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31823a3b15","article-title":"Effect of range of motion on muscle strength and thickness","volume":"26","author":"Pinto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02050-z","article-title":"N of 1: optimizing methodology for the detection of individual response variation in resistance training","volume":"54","author":"Robinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734509","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.734509","article-title":"Elbow joint angles in elbow flexor unilateral resistance exercise training determine its effects on muscle strength and thickness of trained and non-trained arms","volume":"12","author":"Sato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiology"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000472","article-title":"Workflow techniques for the robust use of bayes factors","volume":"28","author":"Schad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"SMART-LD: a tool for critically appraising risk of bias and reporting quality in longitudinal resistance training interventions","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2023"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25557","article-title":"Clarity in reporting terminology and definitions of set endpoints in resistance training","volume":"56","author":"Steele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Muscle and Nerve"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2023.2286748","article-title":"Meta-analysis of variation in sport and exercise science: examples of application within resistance training research","volume":"41","author":"Steele","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sports Sciences"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.51224\/SRXIV.364","volume-title":"Adequate statistical power in strength and conditioning may be achieved through longer interventions and high frequency outcome measurement","author":"Swinton","year":"2024"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2022.2128548","article-title":"Interpreting magnitude of change in strength and conditioning: effect size selection, threshold values and Bayesian updating","volume":"40","author":"Swinton","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sports Sciences"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2615-4935","article-title":"Does muscle length influence regional hypertrophy? A systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Varovic","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Journal Sports Medicine"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.5114\/jhk\/163561","article-title":"Regional hypertrophy: the effect of exercises at long and short muscle lengths in recreationally trained women","volume":"88","author":"Zabaleta-Korta","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1750722\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T04:15:01Z","timestamp":1774930501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1750722\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2026.1750722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1750722","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"article-number":"1750722"}}