{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:43:01Z","timestamp":1776231781012,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Phenolic compounds isolated from medicinal plants are used against several physiological disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this investigation, microwave-assisted extraction parameters were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to determine the optimal extraction conditions for phenolic compounds from\n                      <jats:italic>Periploca angustifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      extract (PAPE). The phenolic extract was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using standard antioxidant assays. In addition, the protective effect of the phenolic extract was evaluated against cadmium toxicity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our analysis showed that the optimum extraction conditions were an irradiation time of 10 min, an extraction temperature of 100 \u00b0C, and a water-to-raw-material ratio of 30 mL\/g. HPLC analysis indicated that PAPE contained quercetin, catechin, and caffeic acid. NMR (1D and 2D) spectra confirmed the compounds identified by HPLC. Antioxidant assays showed that PAPE exhibited a strong free-radical scavenging ability.\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      analysis showed that PAPE produced a significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01) protective effect against oxidative damage induced by cadmium exposure in rat testicles. In conclusion, PAPE demonstrated strong antioxidant potential that is likely attributable to the active compounds present in the extract.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1756889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T04:43:33Z","timestamp":1776228213000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization, characterization, and protective potentials of Periploca angustifolia extract against cadmium toxicity using response surface methodology as an optimizing tool"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Imen","family":"Ben Abdelmalek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Qassim University","place":["Buraydah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Athmouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Marine Biodiversity and Environment (LR18ES\/30), University of Sfax","place":["Sfax, Tunisia"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax","place":["Sfax, Tunisia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saida S.","family":"Ncibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department - Science College- Jazan University","place":["Jazan, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghadah Khaled","family":"Yousuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Departement, College of Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin","place":["Hafr AlBatin, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Smaouia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Marine Biodiversity and Environment (LR18ES\/30), University of Sfax","place":["Sfax, Tunisia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanen","family":"Enneb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dryland Farming and Oasis Cropping Laboratory, Arid Land Institue, University of Gabes","place":["Medenine, Tunisia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelfattah","family":"El Feki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax","place":["Sfax, Tunisia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/s0076-6879(84)05016-3","article-title":"Catalase in vitro","volume":"105","author":"Aebi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2017.10.007","article-title":"Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids and antioxidants from Vernonia amygdalina leaf using response surface methodology","volume":"107","author":"Alara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FOODCHEM.2018.09.133","article-title":"Effect of the solvent composition on the profile of phenolic compounds extracted from chia seeds","volume":"275","author":"Alc\u00e2ntara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578X241309742","article-title":"Unlocking the potential of celery (Apium graveolens L.) seeds: how gamma radiation affects bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and lipid peroxidation","volume":"20","author":"Altamim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Product. Commun."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2017.1395890","article-title":"Phenolic compounds analysis, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects of Periploca angustifolia extract on cadmium-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cell line and rats","volume":"124","author":"Athmouni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archives Physiology Biochem."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.47197\/retos.v64.110648","article-title":"The potential of polyphenol compounds in grapes to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation after exercise: systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Ayubi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Retos nuevas tendencias Educ. f\u00edsica, deporte recreaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-017-0324-y","article-title":"Optimization of phenolics and flavonoids extraction conditions of Curcuma zedoaria leaves using response surface methodology","volume":"2","author":"Azahar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Central J."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29030596","article-title":"Phenolic compound, antioxidant, antibacterial, and in silico studies of extracts from the aerial parts of Lactuca saligna L","volume":"29","author":"Bouymajane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13070978","article-title":"Phytochemicals involved in mitigating silent toxicity induced by heavy metals","volume":"13","author":"Ceramella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.02.166","article-title":"Evaluation of the structure-activity relationship of flavonoids as antioxidants and toxicants of zebrafish larvae","volume":"134","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.07.028","article-title":"Passiflora manicata (juss.) aqueous leaf extract protects against reactive oxygen species and protein glycation in vitro and ex vivo models","volume":"60","author":"Da Silva Morrone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.112040","article-title":"Optimization, extraction, structure analysis and antioxidant properties of flavan-3-ol polymers: proanthocyanidins isolated from Periploca angustifolia using surface response methodology","volume":"144","author":"Diwani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Industrial Crops Prod."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecofro.2024.09.008","article-title":"A review on the composition, extraction and applications of phenolic compounds","volume":"45","author":"Edo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol. Front."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/57.5.779S","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of lipid-oxidation products","volume":"57","author":"Esterbauer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05015-1","article-title":"[12] assays of glutathione peroxidase","volume":"105","author":"Floh\u00e9","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzym."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3782","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113782","article-title":"The effects of cadmium toxicity","volume":"17","author":"Genchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B16","volume-title":"Free radicals in biology and medicine","author":"Halliwell","year":"2007"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2025.102813","article-title":"Targeting TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling, oxidative stress, and apoptosis by farnesol mitigates cadmium-induced testicular toxicity in rats","volume":"94","author":"Hassanein","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.14035","article-title":"Continuous step-wise temperature extraction improves the flavanol content of tea beverages","volume":"105","author":"Ismaiah","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.143641","article-title":"Microwave-assisted extraction of raspberry pomace phenolic compounds, and their bioaccessibility and bioactivity","volume":"478","author":"Jaouhari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2025.111489","article-title":"Flavonoids and their role in oxidative stress, inflammation, and human diseases","volume":"413","author":"Jomova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chemico-Biological Interact."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70178","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.70178","article-title":"Optimizing extraction of citrus aurantium leaves and assessing immunomodulatory effects of the extract on BALB\/c mice PBMCs","volume":"90","author":"Kattour","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6509","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0343074","article-title":"Quantification of polyphenolics and their antioxidant capacity in fresh plums","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2019-0016","article-title":"Cadmium toxicity: effects on human reproduction and fertility","volume":"34","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(90)86141-h","article-title":"Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins","volume":"186","author":"Levine","year":"1990","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8414","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2202762","article-title":"Therapeutic actions of tea phenolic compounds against oxidative stress and inflammation as central mediators in the development and progression of health problems: a review focusing on microRNA regulation","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp8030121","article-title":"Application of microwave energy to biomass: a comprehensive review of microwave-assisted technologies, optimization parameters, and the strengths and weaknesses","volume":"8","author":"Lozano P\u00e9rez","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Mater. Process."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063264","article-title":"Oxidative stress: the role of antioxidant phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of diseases","volume":"25","author":"Muscolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1021\/jf051960d","article-title":"Modified 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) method to measure antioxidant capacity of selected small fruits and comparison to ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2\u2032-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods","volume":"54","author":"Ozgen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"43","article-title":"Antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antibacterial activities of Jurinea consanguinea dc","volume":"5","author":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13010036","article-title":"Biological effects of human exposure to environmental cadmium","volume":"13","author":"Peana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.03.008","article-title":"Potential in vitro antioxidant and protective effects of Mesua ferrea linn. bark extracts on induced oxidative damage","volume":"47","author":"Rajesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Industrial Crops Prod."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2006.10.021","article-title":"Effects of extraction time, temperature and solvent on concentration and antioxidant activity of grape marc phenolics","volume":"81","author":"Spigno","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JFF.2018.06.028","article-title":"Potential health advantages of periploca laevigata: preliminary phytochemical analysis and evaluation of in vitro antioxidant capacity and assessment of hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects","volume":"48","author":"Tlili","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70027","DOI":"10.1002\/fes3.70027","article-title":"Curcumin, a secondary metabolite, activates the defense system by regulating water status, PSII photochemistry, and antioxidant capacity in Lactuca sativa exposed to lead And\/or arsenic stresses","volume":"14","author":"Tofan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Energy Secur."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(96)00128-3","article-title":"Inhibition of protein glycation and advanced glycation end products by ascorbic acid and other vitamins and nutrients","volume":"7","author":"Vinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2017.08.004","article-title":"Bioactive flavonoids in medicinal plants: structure, activity and biological fate","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14040476","article-title":"Synthesis and health effects of phenolic compounds: a focus on tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, and 3,4-Dihydroxyacetophenone","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2016.10.013","article-title":"Optimization of pressure-enhanced solid-liquid extraction of flavonoids from Flos sophorae and evaluation of their antioxidant activity","volume":"175","author":"Xi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010096","article-title":"Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: extraction, assessment and resources","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8523","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-02739-z","article-title":"Appraisal of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of borage (Echium amoenum) flowers using natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES)","volume":"14","author":"Zannou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomass Conv. bioref."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1756889\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T04:43:43Z","timestamp":1776228223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1756889\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2026.1756889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1756889","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"article-number":"1756889"}}