{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T06:30:20Z","timestamp":1773815420946,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Divers face numerous physiological hazards that can lead to diving disorders, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood due to limitations in monitoring technologies capable of functioning underwater. To bridge this gap, it is necessary to critically evaluate novel monitoring technologies and develop approaches to determine their suitability for near real-time physiological assessment. Gold standard devices are typically used to validate new physiological sensors under controlled normobaric conditions, where their accuracy benefits from stable, low-interference environments. However, the absence of underwater gold standards and the complexity of underwater conditions make it difficult to determine whether measurement discrepancies arise from true physiological changes or sensor variability. Given the wide range of physiological responses elicited by diving, it is essential to deconstruct the underwater experience into its constituent factors to better isolate their individual effects. This article presents a comprehensive methodology for evaluating the performance of a novel physiological sensor designed for both land-based and underwater environments. To this end, human subject testing was conducted across three experimental environments: 1. dry normobaric testing, 2. dry hyperbaric testing, and 3. shallow water immersion. To facilitate these evaluations, a custom data acquisition platform was developed on Robot Operating System 2 (ROS 2), enabling coordinated synchronization of multiple heterogeneous data streams. This approach offers a scalable and reproducible framework for validating physiological monitoring technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1759280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T05:36:46Z","timestamp":1773812206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A methodological framework for validating a multi-domain physiological sensor for divers using a scalable data fusion platform"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Beatty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","place":["Laurel, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marshall","family":"Tumperi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","place":["Laurel, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harrison","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","place":["Laurel, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","place":["Laurel, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Hage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","place":["Laurel, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","place":["Laurel, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryndan","family":"Lindsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","place":["Laurel, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Kandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","place":["Chapel Hill, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Collar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","place":["Laurel, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Gravelyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","place":["Laurel, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Fulmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Medical Center \u2013 Shock Trauma","place":["Baltimore, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kinjal","family":"Sethuraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Medical Center \u2013 Shock Trauma","place":["Baltimore, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Veith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","place":["Laurel, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/35\/9\/1769","article-title":"A pilot study of a new spectrophotometry device to measure tissue oxygen saturation","volume":"35","author":"Abel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. 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