{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T05:04:03Z","timestamp":1779685443162,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["315106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Daily and seasonal variations in the periodicity of sunlight are one of the most important cues about the external environment, and nonvisual photoreception is essential for registration and correct timing of many biological processes. Atlantic salmon (\n                    <jats:italic>Salmo salar<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is a species where life history transitions are controlled by seasonal changes in light periodicity. In teleost, the pineal organ is photosensitive and produces melatonin, however, the diversity of photoreceptors, their organization and which opsin is responsible for the photic regulation of melatonin synthesis have got little attention in salmon. Based on RNA sequencing and histological profiling of the Atlantic salmon pineal, this study provides an extensive topographic mapping of several nonvisual opsins of the alevin and parr pineal organ in combination with melatonin synthesizing enzymes\n                    <jats:italic>arylakylamine N-acetyltransferase<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>aanat2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic>N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>asmt<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). The results show that\n                    <jats:italic>exorhodopsin<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>exorh<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) expressing cells constitute the vast majority of photoreceptors in the pineal organ. These cell types also contain expression of melatonin synthesizing enzymes and are therefore a main regulator of melatonin synthesis in Atlantic salmon, while\n                    <jats:italic>parapinopsin b<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>ppb<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) most likely has an accessory role in the photic regulation of melatonin synthesis. The majority of the nonvisual photoreceptors are located towards the pineal lumen with their outer segment protruding into this, while\n                    <jats:italic>ppb<\/jats:italic>\n                    is located more centrally in the epithelium.\n                    <jats:italic>Retinal G-protein coupled receptor<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>rgr<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is expressed in a vast majority of the photoreceptors and is localized together with other opsins like\n                    <jats:italic>exorh<\/jats:italic>\n                    , suggesting a photoisomerase function for this opsin. In addition, for the first time,\n                    <jats:italic>peropsin<\/jats:italic>\n                    is characterized in the ciliated choroid plexus cells, suggesting the presence of photoreceptive activity in this cerebrospinal fluid producing organ. Overall, expression analysis clearly indicates that the pineal organ is multi-photoreceptive and that melatonin synthesis is linked to photoreceptors expressing\n                    <jats:italic>exorh<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1778109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T04:45:30Z","timestamp":1779684330000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The photoreceptive and neuroendocrine pineal organ of Atlantic salmon"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Horne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon Vidar","family":"Helvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Karlsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Denker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariann","family":"Eilertsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Anesthetics","volume-title":"Guidelines on the care and use of fish in research, teaching and testing","author":"Ackerman","year":"2005"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu638","article-title":"HTSeq--a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data","volume":"31","author":"Anders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1126\/science.184.4144.1341","article-title":"The pineal gland: A neurochemical transducer","volume":"184","author":"Axelrod","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1125","article-title":"Opsin photoisomerases in the chick retina and pineal gland: characterization, localization, and circadian regulation","volume":"45","author":"Bailey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest. 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