{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T11:10:05Z","timestamp":1771931405311,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To assess the inter-rater and test-retest reliability of DIERS pedogait system for measuring gait parameters in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA), and to explore inter-limb differences in Achilles tendon (AT) properties, as well as the associations between the AT stiffness asymmetry index (Asy\n Stiffness<\/jats:sub>\n (AT)) and gait abnormalities, visual analog scale (VAS) scores, and Kellgren-Lawrence (K\/L) grades.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A total of 36 patients with KOA (19 unilateral, 17 bilateral) were enrolled. Two independent assessors used DIERS pedogait system to measure gait parameters, with retesting by the first assessor 1 week later. Inter-rater and test-retest reliability were quantified using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), while absolute reliability was assessed using standard error of measurement (SEM), minimum detectable change (MDC), and Bland-Altman analysis. Bilateral AT muscle tone and stiffness were evaluated using the MyotonPRO. Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to explore the associations of AsyStiffness (AT) with both clinical variables and gait parameters.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Result<\/jats:title>\n \n DIERS pedogait system exhibited excellent inter-rater (ICC: 0.900\u20130.987) and test-retest reliability (ICC: 0.927\u20130.988). Inter-rater SEM and MDC ranged from 0.07 to 44.26 and 0.20 to 122.68, respectively, while test-retest SEM and MDC ranged from 0.05 to 39.59 and 0.13 to 109.74. Bland-Altman analysis revealed no significant systematic bias. In addition, AT muscle tone and stiffness were significantly higher in the relatively severe leg (RSL) compared with the moderate leg (RML) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.05). Asy\n Stiffness<\/jats:sub>\n (AT) was positively correlated with stance phase symmetry index (\n \u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.514,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.001), stride time (\n \u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.381,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.022), VAS score (\n \u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.373,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.025), and K\/L grade (\n \u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.542,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.001), and negatively correlated with gait speed (\n \u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.374,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.025). Multiple linear regression identified stance phase symmetry index (\n \u03b2\u2032<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.298,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.043), K\/L grade 2 (\n \u03b2\u2032<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.533,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.017) and K\/L grade 3 (\n \u03b2\u2032<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.778,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.002) as independent factors associated with Asy\n Stiffness<\/jats:sub>\n (AT).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n DIERS pedogait system is a reliable and objective tool for assessing gait in KOA patients. AT stiffness asymmetry is associated with gait abnormalities, pain, and KOA severity. These findings suggest that early-mid interventions targeting gait abnormalities and mitigating Achilles tendon stiffness asymmetry may provide novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for KOA.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1780014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T05:26:37Z","timestamp":1770787597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reliability of DIERS pedogait system for evaluating spatiotemporal gait parameters in knee osteoarthritis and its association with Achilles tendon stiffness asymmetry"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xingxing","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fifth Clinical School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fifth Clinical School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fifth Clinical School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaqing","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fifth Clinical School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sirun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fifth Clinical School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jichuan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fifth Clinical School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Congcong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuemeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2012.03.005","article-title":"Quadriceps muscle tone, elasticity and stiffness in older males: reliability and symmetry using the MyotonPRO","volume":"55","author":"Aird","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780290816","article-title":"Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis. Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Diagnostic and therapeutic criteria committee of the American rheumatism association","volume":"29","author":"Altman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-00523-9","article-title":"Non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis: comparison of ESCEO and OARSI 2019 guidelines","volume":"17","author":"Arden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9030120","article-title":"A study on lower limb asymmetries in parkinson's disease during gait assessed through kinematic-derived parameters","volume":"9","author":"Arippa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioeng. (Basel)"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.07.055","article-title":"Extracorporeal shockwave therapy improves pain and function in subjects with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"82","author":"Avenda\u00f1O-Coy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2009.08.010","article-title":"Risk factors for onset of osteoarthritis of the knee in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Blagojevic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/10543400701329422","article-title":"Agreement between methods of measurement with multiple observations per individual","volume":"17","author":"Bland","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biopharm. Stat."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e061113","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061113","article-title":"Effects of combining electrical stimulation of the calf and thigh muscles in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: protocol for a double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Briggs-Price","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2012.05.007","article-title":"Gait deviations in individuals with inflammatory joint diseases and osteoarthritis and the usage of three-dimensional gait analysis","volume":"26","author":"Brostr\u00f6M","year":"2012","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0220521","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220521","article-title":"Reliability of a portable device for quantifying tone and stiffness of quadriceps femoris and patellar tendon at different knee flexion angles","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636571","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.636571","article-title":"Comparison of the asymmetries in foot posture and properties of Gastrocnemius Muscle and achilles Tendon between patients with unilateral and bilateral knee osteoarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.11.029","article-title":"Gait differs between unilateral and bilateral knee osteoarthritis","volume":"93","author":"Creaby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100587","article-title":"Global, regional prevalence, incidence and risk factors of knee osteoarthritis in population-based studies","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80499-8","article-title":"A comparison of lower body gait kinematics and kinetics between Theia3D markerless and marker-based models in healthy subjects and clinical patients","volume":"14","author":"D'Souza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796247","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1796247","article-title":"Reliability of the DIERS formetric 4D spine shape parameters in adults without postural deformities","volume":"2020","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04298-z","article-title":"Tenomodulin knockout mice exhibit worse late healing outcomes with augmented trauma-induced heterotopic ossification of Achilles tendon","volume":"12","author":"Delgado Caceres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1111\/os.13809","article-title":"Research progress on the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis","volume":"15","author":"DU","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2016.11.017","article-title":"Association between knee Osteoarthritis and functional changes in ankle joint and Achilles Tendon","volume":"56","author":"Elbaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-93-3-203","article-title":"Reliability of the foot posture index and traditional measures of foot position","volume":"93","author":"Evans","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0256311","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256311","article-title":"Modeling toes contributes to realistic stance knee mechanics in three-dimensional predictive simulations of walking","volume":"17","author":"Falisse","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55120756","article-title":"Influence of pain on knee joint movement and moment during the stance phase in patients with severe bilateral knee osteoarthritis: a pilot Study","volume":"55","author":"Fukaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Kaunas."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00095","article-title":"The applicability of standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change to motor learning Research-A behavioral Study","volume":"12","author":"Furlan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.193662","article-title":"Biostatistics series module 6: correlation and linear regression","volume":"61","author":"Hazra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198902000-00020","article-title":"Asymmetries in ground reaction force patterns in normal human gait","volume":"21","author":"Herzog","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000003840","article-title":"Muscle function tests as supportive outcome measures for performance-based and self-reported physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis: exploratory analysis of baseline data from a randomized trial","volume":"36","author":"Holm","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7570","DOI":"10.12659\/msm.909550","article-title":"Assessment of passive stiffness of medial and lateral heads of Gastrocnemius Muscle, Achilles Tendon, and plantar fascia at different ankle and knee positions using the MyotonPRO","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-018-0234-3","article-title":"Psychological health is associated with knee pain and physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis: an exploratory cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Iijima","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-017-0235-0","article-title":"Do athletes alter their running mechanics after an Achilles tendon rupture?","volume":"10","author":"Jandacka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-024-03627-8","article-title":"Evaluating functional outcomes and quality of life in musculoskeletal tumor patients with distal femoral megaprostheses: a case-control study","volume":"22","author":"Jover-Jorge","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22171","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis: a review","volume":"325","author":"Katz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9290(01)00036-7","article-title":"Gait characteristics of patients with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"34","author":"Kaufman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.16.4.494","article-title":"Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis","volume":"16","author":"Kellgren","year":"1957","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8515","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44837-5","article-title":"Relationship between age, BMI, head posture and superficial neck muscle stiffness and elasticity in adult women","volume":"9","author":"Kocur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A Guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2010.10.024","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of 3D kinematic gait variables in hip osteoarthritis patients","volume":"19","author":"Laroche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.06.010","article-title":"Evidence for joint moment asymmetry in healthy populations during gait","volume":"40","author":"Lathrop-Lambach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498333","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1498333","article-title":"Achilles tendon morphology adaptations in chronic post-stroke hemiparesis: a comparative analysis with neurologically intact controls","volume":"6","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767445","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.767445","article-title":"Triceps Surae muscle-tendon properties as determinants of the metabolic cost in trained long-distance runners","volume":"12","author":"Machado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2018.01.003","article-title":"Reliability of the cervical spine device for the assessment of cervical spine range of motion in asymptomatic participants","volume":"41","author":"Mangone","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072565","article-title":"Scapular dynamic muscular stiffness assessed through myotonometry: a narrative review","volume":"22","author":"Melo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-025-09993-4","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of common tendinopathies","volume":"18","author":"Meredith","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.12.005","article-title":"Are unilateral and bilateral knee osteoarthritis patients unique subsets of knee osteoarthritis? A biomechanical perspective","volume":"24","author":"Messier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22015","article-title":"Biomechanical deviations during level walking associated with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Mills","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res. Hob."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61091540","article-title":"Using computerised gait analysis to assess changes after rehabilitation in knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of gait speed improvement","volume":"61","author":"Minea","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Kaunas."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16965","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67932-8","article-title":"Determinants of Achilles tendon thickness and their influence on knee function and foot alignment in knee osteoarthritis","volume":"14","author":"Nazir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2023.112092","article-title":"Hamstring muscle architecture and myotonometer measurements in elite professional football players with a prior strained hamstring","volume":"40","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1EZ","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3686","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113686","article-title":"Accuracy, validity, and reliability of markerless camera-based 3D motion capture systems versus marker-based 3D motion capture systems in gait analysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Scataglini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710819","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1710819","article-title":"Comparison of quadriceps femoris properties, surface electromyography parameters and foot posture asymmetries between patients with unilateral and bilateral knee osteoarthritis","volume":"16","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-6-11","article-title":"Neuropathic midfoot deformity: associations with ankle and subtalar joint motion","volume":"6","author":"Sinacore","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0302021","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302021","article-title":"The effects of plantarflexor weakness and reduced tendon stiffness with aging on gait stability","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18950","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the vitiligo Signs of Activity Score (VSAS)","volume":"183","author":"VAN Geel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103644","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1103644","article-title":"Reliability of foot posture index (FPI-6) for evaluating foot posture in patients with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78166-z","article-title":"Comparison of the asymmetries in foot posture, gait and plantar pressure between patients with unilateral and bilateral knee osteoarthritis based on a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1519\/15184.1","article-title":"Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM","volume":"19","author":"Weir","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.18502\/ijph.v52i2.11879","article-title":"Patients with patellofemoral pain exhibiting decrease vertical ground reaction force compared to healthy individuals during weight bearing tasks: a systematic reviews and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Yalfani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-014-2944-x","article-title":"What you need to know about statistics, part II: reliability of diagnostic and screening tests","volume":"45","author":"Zidan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3972","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5466","article-title":"Sample size formulas for estimating intraclass correlation coefficients with precision and assurance","volume":"31","author":"Zou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stat. Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1780014\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:21:40Z","timestamp":1771928500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1780014\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2026.1780014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1780014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"article-number":"1780014"}}