{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:06:18Z","timestamp":1791824778832,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This integrative review synthesizes current knowledge on the physiological responses and adaptive mechanisms of amphibians and reptiles to multiple interacting environmental stressors, with particular emphasis on synergistic effects among temperature, hydric stress, disease, and pollution. Given the stronger empirical basis for amphibians in the existing literature, amphibian responses are covered in greater depth, while reptile-specific physiology, immunology, and emerging infectious diseases are explicitly addressed in dedicated sections throughout the review. Critical thermal tolerance analyses reveal that approximately 7.5% of amphibian species will exceed their physiological limits under a 4\u00a0\u00b0C warming scenario, with tropical lowland species already operating near their CTmax thresholds. Thermal plasticity is limited, with acclimation responses averaging only 0.13\u00a0\u00b0C increase in CTmax per 1\u00a0\u00b0C environmental warming\u2014insufficient to track rapid climate change. Water balance regulation shows dramatic interspecific variation, with cutaneous resistance ranging from 0.05 s\/cm in aquatic amphibians to &amp;gt;1000 s\/cm in desert-adapted reptiles. Synergistic interactions between thermal and hydric stress significantly amplify vulnerability, particularly in dehydration scenarios that reduce critical thermal limits. Chemical pollutants, including heavy metals and pesticides, cause developmental abnormalities (535% increase in malformation frequency), immunosuppression, and endocrine disruption across multiple life stages. Emerging infectious diseases, particularly chytridiomycosis (\n                    <jats:italic>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B. salamandrivorans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and ranaviruses, drive mass mortality events globally, with co-infections exacerbating population declines. Climate change intensifies disease susceptibility through stress-mediated immunosuppression and altered pathogen dynamics. Adaptive capacity varies markedly among species. While amphibians exhibit strong phenological responses (2-4\u00d7 greater than other taxa), genetic adaptation potential remains limited by narrow dispersal abilities and habitat fragmentation. Microhabitat buffering can reduce thermal extremes by several degrees but depends critically on habitat structural integrity. This review demonstrates that the pace of anthropogenic change challenges the adaptive capacity of most species, necessitating integrated conservation strategies including microhabitat preservation, climate corridor establishment, pollution mitigation, disease surveillance, and\n                    <jats:italic>ex-situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    conservation programs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1785483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:21:40Z","timestamp":1777522900000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Physiological responses and adaptive mechanisms of amphibians and reptiles to multiple interacting environmental stressors: an integrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Muammer","family":"Kurnaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Kelkit Sema Do\u011fan Vocational School of Helth Services, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane University","place":["G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-020-02335-9","article-title":"Pesticide exposure affects reproductive capacity of common toads (Bufo bufo) in a viticultural landscape","volume":"30","author":"Adams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1086\/285538","article-title":"Temperature, activity, and lizard life histories","volume":"142","author":"Adolph","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. 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