{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:46:27Z","timestamp":1790959587508,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Flywheel training has been shown to enhance lower-limb power; however, evidence comparing unilateral and bilateral complex training, especially among elite volleyball players, remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-four male college volleyball players were randomly divided into three groups: unilateral flywheel complex training (UFT, n=8), bilateral flywheel complex training (BFT, n=8), or a control group (CON, n=8) that continued their regular technical training only. The intervention lasted 8 weeks, with 2 sessions each week. Performance measures included linear sprint times (5\u00a0m, 10\u00a0m, 30\u00a0m), change-of-direction skills (T-test, 5-0-5, volleyball-specific agility), and movement endurance (seven T-tests and repeated 30\u00a0m runs). A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to identify differences between groups and across time points (pre-test vs. post-test).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant group \u00d7 time interactions were observed across sprint, COD, and repeated-movement tests (p &amp;lt; 0.05). UFT demonstrated greater improvements than both BFT and CON in short-distance sprint (5\u201310 m), COD performance, and repeated-movement measures. BFT also improved performance relative to CON in selected outcomes, particularly the 30\u00a0m sprint and repeated tests, although improvements were generally smaller than those observed in UFT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight weeks of unilateral flywheel-based complex training resulted in the greatest improvements in short sprints, COD, and movement endurance compared to bilateral training and the control group. Although bilateral training also enhanced performance, the gains were comparatively smaller. These findings support the effectiveness of UFT as a strategy for improving short-distance acceleration and multidirectional movement performance relevant to volleyball match play.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1786449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T04:22:00Z","timestamp":1776140520000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of unilateral vs. bilateral flywheel-based complex training on change-of-direction and sprint performance in elite male volleyball players"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiaoqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Coaching Science, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Coaching Science, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhikai","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Normal University, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200304000-00002","article-title":"Training-induced changes in neural function: Exercise and sport sciences reviews","volume":"31","author":"Aagaard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exercise Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218957714500079","article-title":"Enhancing muscular performance in women: Compound versus complex, traditional resistance and plyometric training alone","volume":"17","author":"Arazi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2003.00312.x","article-title":"Hamstring injury occurrence in elite soccer players after preseason strength training with eccentric overload","volume":"13","author":"Askling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scandinavian Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222466","article-title":"Post-activation potentiation effect of eccentric overload and traditional weightlifting exercise on jumping and sprinting performance in male athletes","volume":"14","author":"Beato","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003214","article-title":"Effect of postactivation potentiation after medium vs. high inertia eccentric overload exercise on standing long jump, countermovement jump, and change of direction performance","volume":"35","author":"Beato","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Strength Conditioning Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.732802","article-title":"Flywheel training periodization in team sports","volume":"12","author":"Beato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00423","article-title":"Effectiveness of traditional strength vs. power training on muscle strength, power and speed with youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Behm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10010081","article-title":"A comparison of bilateral vs. unilateral flywheel strength training on physical performance in youth male basketball players","volume":"10","author":"Belegi\u0161anin","year":"2025","journal-title":"JFMK"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-972744","article-title":"A gravity-independent ergometer to be used for resistance training in space","volume":"6","author":"Berg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"314","article-title":"Multi-directional sprint training improves change-of-direction speed and reactive agility in young highly trained soccer players","volume":"15","author":"Born","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00531.2006","article-title":"Contralateral effects of unilateral strength training: Evidence and possible mechanisms","volume":"101","author":"Carroll","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.5336\/sportsci.2020-79052","article-title":"Cluster resistance training results higher improvements on sprint, agility, strength and vertical jump in professional volleyball players","volume":"13","author":"Cin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turkiye Klinikleri J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B13","article-title":"Some statistical issues in psychological research","volume-title":"Handbook of clinical psychology","author":"Cohen","year":"1965"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"21","article-title":"An ecological dynamics approach to skill acquisition: Implications for development of talent in sport","volume":"5","author":"Davids","year":"2013","journal-title":"Talent Dev. Excell."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186448","article-title":"Resistance training acutely impairs agility and spike-specific performance measures in collegiate female volleyball players returning from the off-season","volume":"17","author":"Doma","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910154","article-title":"Unilateral and bilateral post-activation performance enhancement on jump performance and agility","volume":"18","author":"Escobar Hincapi\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"213","article-title":"Isoinertial eccentric-overload training in young soccer players: Effects on strength, sprint, change of direction, agility and soccer shooting precision","volume":"19","author":"Fiorilli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2324-9080.1000174","article-title":"Unilateral versus bilateral lower-body resistance and plyometric training for change of direction speed","volume":"3","author":"Fisher","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Athl. Enhancement"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1519\/R-20616.1","article-title":"Physiological and anthropometric characteristics of Australian junior national, state, and novice volleyball players","volume":"21","author":"Gabbett","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636020-00004","article-title":"Neural adaptations to resistive exercise: Mechanisms and recommendations for training practices","volume":"36","author":"Gabriel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2019\/42282.13310","article-title":"Effect of dynamic balance training on agility in adolescent volleyball players","volume":"13","author":"Gadre","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCDR"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"22","article-title":"Movement direction analysis in elite indoor volleyball match","volume":"13","author":"Hank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Kinesiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2005.11.007","article-title":"Human bilateral deficit during a dynamic multi-joint leg press movement","volume":"25","author":"Hay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318220df79","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of 6 weeks of traditional resistance training, plyometric training, and complex training on measures of strength and anthropometrics","volume":"26","author":"MacDonald","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Strength Conditioning Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.28.5.579","article-title":"Evaluation of two methods of the jump float serve in volleyball","volume":"28","author":"MacKenzie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomechanics"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3720-z","article-title":"Cross-education of muscular strength following unilateral resistance training: A meta-analysis","volume":"117","author":"Manca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2017-0096","article-title":"Functional and muscle-size effects of flywheel resistance training with eccentric-overload in professional handball players","volume":"60","author":"Maroto-Izquierdo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinetics"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.03.004","article-title":"Skeletal muscle functional and structural adaptations after eccentric overload flywheel resistance training: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Maroto-Izquierdo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"B29","first-page":"459","article-title":"The effects of a 6-week plyometric training program on agility","volume":"5","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000425","article-title":"Analysis of male volleyball players\u2019 motor activities during a top level match","volume":"28","author":"Mroczek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength Conditioning Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001421","article-title":"Change of direction deficit: A more isolated measure of change of direction performance than total 505 time","volume":"30","author":"Nimphius","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Conditioning Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193841","article-title":"The effects of unilateral and bilateral eccentric overload training on hypertrophy, muscle power and COD performance, and its determinants, in team sport players","volume":"13","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01694","article-title":"Predicting volleyball serve-reception","volume":"7","author":"Paulo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381211064603","article-title":"Load-velocity relationship variables to assess the maximal neuromuscular capacities during the back-squat exercise","volume":"14","author":"P\u00e9rez-Castilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Health: A. Multidiscip. Approach"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/1533-4295(2001)023<0035:sltfls>2.0.co;2","article-title":"Single-leg training for 2-legged sports: Efficacy of strength development in athletic performance","volume":"23","author":"Santana","year":"2001","journal-title":"Strength Conditioning J."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2.3.292","article-title":"Development of a repeated-effort test for elite men\u2019s volleyball","volume":"2","author":"Sheppard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410500457109","article-title":"Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing","volume":"24","author":"Sheppard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109824","article-title":"Validity and reliability of force\u2013velocity outcome parameters in flywheel squats","volume":"107","author":"Spudi\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031181","article-title":"Greater power but not strength gains using flywheel versus equivolumed traditional strength training in junior basketball players","volume":"18","author":"Stojanovi\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.823230","article-title":"Effects of small-sided game and change-of-direction training on reactive agility and change-of-direction speed","volume":"32","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.01083.x","article-title":"Vertical jump in female and male volleyball players: A review of observational and experimental studies","volume":"20","author":"Ziv","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scandinavian Med. Sci. Sports"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1786449\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T04:22:01Z","timestamp":1776140521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1786449\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2026.1786449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1786449","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"article-number":"1786449"}}